1. Chapter 13
The Great War

2. I. Marching Toward War
A. Setting the stage
1. In Europe,
military buildup,
nationalistic feelings, and
rival alliances set the stage for a continental war

3. B. Rising Tensions in Europe
The Rise of Nationalism
Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface

4. b) Growing nationalism leads to completion among nations
c) Nationalism in the Balkans leads many groups to demand independence

5. 3. Europe’s Great Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Great Britain
Russia
Italy
France

6. 4. Rivalries Among European Powers
1) Economic rivalry
a) Competition for materials & markets

7. 2) Territorial disputes
a) France greatly regretted its loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in 1870

8. b) Austria-Hungary and Russia competed for dominance of the Balkans
c) Intense nationalism of Serbs, Bulgarian, Romanians led to demands for independence

9. 5. Imperialism and Militarism
Militarism - the policy of glorifying power and keeping an army prepared for war
Mutual animosity spurs European countries to engage in arms race

10. c) Competition for colonies stirs mistrust among European nations
d) link between militarism and imperialism is as a country gains colonies, its military grows to protect them.

12. C. Tangled Alliances
Bismarck Forges Early Pacts
a) Germany’s Otto von Bismarck works to keep peace in Europe after 1871

13. b) Believes France wants revenge for loss in 1870 Franco-Prussian War

14. Seeks to isolate the French with a series of treaties and alliances
1) Signs treaty with Russia in 1881
2) Because the French are the greatest threat to peace in Europe

15. d) Forms the Triple Alliance in 1882
Germany
Austria-Hungary
3) Italy

16. 2. Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace
Kaiser Wilhelm II – ruler of Germany in 1888
1) led Germany during the last decade of the 1800s and most of World War I

17. b) Foreign policy changes begin in 1890 with dismissal of Bismarck
1) alliance with Russia dropped
2) Russia then allies with France
3) effort to strengthen German navy, which alarms Britain

18. c) Triple Entente alliance in 1907
1) Britain
2) France
3) Russia

19. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:

20. D. Crisis in the Balkans
A Restless Region
a) Many new groups in Balkans win independence during early 1900s

22. b) New nation of Serbia made up largely of Slavs
Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic region
Bosnia & Herzegovina (1908)

23. d) Serbia outraged
1) sees itself as rightful ruler of these Slavic lands

26. 2. A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
Serbian rebel kills Austro-Hungarian royal official in June 1914
Archduke Francis Ferdinand – heir to the Austrian thrown

27. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

30. The Assassination: Sarajevo

31. The Assassin:
Gavrilo Princip

33. II. Europe Plunges into War
Setting the stage
1. One European nation after another is drawn into a large and industrialized war that results in may casualties

35. B. The Great War Begins Nations Take Sides
a) By mid-August 1914, two sides at war throughout Europe

36. 1) Central Powers a) Germany and Austria-Hungary
b) because of their location in the heart of Europe

38. 2. Allies
Britain
France
Russia

39. 2. Armies on the March
Russia moves troops to its borders with Austria & Germany
Germany declares war on Russia, quickly attacks France
Great Britain declares war on Germany

40. C. A Bloody Stalemate
The Conflict Grinds Along
Western Front – heavy battle zone in northern France
German army quickly advances to outskirts of Paris

41. c) The Schlieffen Plan Avoid fighting a 2 front war
Germany defeat France quickly
a) Italy & Britain remained neutral
(1) policy of supporting neither side in a war
(1) Avoid a 2 front war
(2) Germany had to defeat France quickly

42. 3) Then fight Russia
4) German armies would march through Belgium & swing south behind French lines

44. Germany’s invasion of neutral Belgium forced Britain to declare war on Germany
Plan fails, Germany has to fight a 2 front war

45. Conflict descends into trench warfare
2. War in the Trenches
Conflict descends into trench warfare
1) Armies fighting from trenches

47. b) Battles result in many deaths, small land gains
c) Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary

58. Trench Foot

59. d) New weapons only lead to more deaths

60. Machine gun

68. Poison gas

78. e) Massive losses for both sides at 1916 battles of Verdun & Somme

79. Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.

80. D. The Battle on the Eastern Front
1. Early fighting
a) Eastern Front – site of main fighting along the German-Russian border

81. b) Russians push into Austria & Germany, but soon forced to retreat

82. 3. Russia Struggles Russia’s war effort suffering by 1916
Many casualties, few supplies

83. b) Huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable force
1) Prevents Germany from sending more troops to the western front

85. III. A Global Conflict
Setting the Stage
World War I spreads to several continents
requires the full resources of many governments

86. The Gallipoli Campaign
B. War Affects the World
The Gallipoli Campaign
Allies move to capture Ottoman Dardanelles strait in February 1915
Straits linked the Mediterranean Sea with the Sea of Marmora
Great strategic value

89. b) Hoped to defeat Ottoman Empire
c) Also wanted to open a supply line through region to Russia
d) Effort ends in costly Allied defeat

90. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

92. 2. Battles in Africa and Asia
Allies take control of German holdings in Asia & Africa
Britain & France use their colonial subjects to help in war effort

93. 3. American joins the fight
a) Germany seeks to control Atlantic Ocean to stop supplies to Britain

94. b) Uses unrestricted submarine warfare
1) ships near Britain sunk without warning

95. 2) Halts policy in 1915, after sinking of Lusitania angers U.S.

96. The Sinking of the Lusitania

97. 3) Renews unrestricted policy in 1917, hopes to starve Britain quickly

98. c) Renewal of policy & effort to enlist Mexico angers U. S.
1) Zimmerman note

100. The Zimmerman Telegram

101. C. War Affects the Home Front
1. Governments Wage Total War
a) Total War – nations devote all resources to war

102. b) Rationing – limiting purchases of war-related goods
c) Propaganda – one-sided information to build morale & support for the war

108. 2. Women and the War
At home, thousands of women fill jobs previously held by men
Many women also experience the war by working as nurses.

111. Russian Women Soldiers

112. Spies
“Mata Hari”
German spy

113. D. The Allies Win the War
Russia Withdraws
Civil unrest in Russia forces czar to step down from throne in 1917
Communists soon take control of Russia’s government
Russia signs treaty with Germany in March 1918, pulls out of war

114. 2. The Central Powers Collapse
Russia gone – Germany moves most forces to Western front

115. b) Engaged in major fighting; Allies force Germans to retreat
c) Allies win war -end of fighting - Armistice – November 11, 1918

116. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918

117. E. The Legacy of the War
A High Price
a) War takes heavy toll: 8.5 million soldiers dead, 21 million wounded

125. World War I Casualties

126. b) War devastates European economies, drained national treasuries
c) Many acres of land & homes, villages, towns destroyed

132. d) Survivors suffered disillusionment & despair; reflected in the arts

133. “A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

134. “Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

135. “Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

136. “Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

137. IV. A Flawed Peace
Setting the Stage
1. After winning the war, the Allies dictate a harsh peace settlement that leaves many nations feeling betrayed

138. B. The Allies Meet & Debate
Key Leaders come together
Group of leaders know as the Big Four dominate peace talks
1) Woodrow Wilson – US President
2) Georges Clemenceau – French ruler
3. David Lloyd George - Great Britain
4. Vittorio Orlando - Italy

139. (Left to right) The “Big Four”: David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States, the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles.

140. 2. Wilson’s Plan for Peace
a) Wilson proposed Fourteen Points
1) a plan for the postwar world
2) Outline for lasting peace

141. b) Calls for:
free trade
end to secret alliances
military buildups

142. c) Promotes self-determination
1) right of people to govern own nation
d) Envisions international peace-keeping body to settle world disputes

143. 3. The Versailles Treaty
Britain & France oppose Wilson’s ideas;
Want to punish Germany

144. b) Allies, Germany sign Accord Treaty of Versailles 1919
Creates League of nations
(a) International organization to keep peace

145. 2) Treaty punished Germany
accepted full blame for war
lost substantial territory
severe restriction placed on military operations
pay reparations

146. c) League to rule German colonies until deemed ready for independence

147. C. A Troubled Treaty
1. The Creation of New Nations
Versailles treaty, other peace accords, change the look of Europe

148. b) Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire all lose lands
c) New countries created in Southeastern Europe; Russia gives up land

151. 2. “A Peace Built on Quicksand”
Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of bitterness on both sides
German people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for war

152. c) America never signs Treaty of Versailles
Many Americans oppose League of Nations and involvement with Europe
d) Some former colonies express anger over not winning independence

153. e) Japan & Italy criticize agreement
1) gain less land than they want