1. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
Fifth edition
Seeley, Stephens and Tate
Chapter 1: The Human organism
Slide 2.1
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2. The Human Body – An Orientation
Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
Slide 1.1
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3. Anatomy – Levels of Study
Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Figure 1.1
Slide 1.2a
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4. Anatomy – Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4
Slide 1.2b
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5. Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Slide 1.3
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6. The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
Slide 1.21
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7. Anatomical Position Body erect Face forward Toes forward Palms forward
Figure 1.5a
Slide 1.24
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8. Body Landmarks Anterior Figure 1.5a Slide 1.24
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9. Body Landmarks Posterior Figure 1.5b Slide 1.25
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10. Body Landmarks Superior/Inferior Medial/Lateral Superficial/Deep
Palmar/Dorsal
Plantar/Dorsal
Figure 1.5a
Slide 1.24
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11. Body Planes Figure 1.6 Slide 1.26
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12. Body Cavities Figure 1.7 Slide 1.27
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13. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
Slide 1.28
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14. Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
Slide 1.29
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15. Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c
Slide 1.30
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16. Characteristics of Living Organisms
Maintain Boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Slide 1.15
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17. Characteristics of Living Organisms
Metabolism – all chemical reactions within the body. Includes:
Digestion of nutrients
Production of energy
Building body structures
Excretion
Slide 1.16a
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18. Necessary Life Functions
Growth
Increasing of cell size and number
All of the above are “maintenance”
Reproduction
Keeps the species viable
Most fun!!
Slide 1.16b
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19. Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for most chemical reactions
Slide 1.17a
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20. Survival Needs Water Temperature Pressure 60–80% of body weight
Allows for cellular reactions
Temperature
Pressure
Atmospheric
Other???
Slide 1.17b
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21. Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment
a dynamic steady state
Must be maintained for the body to function normally
Homeostatic imbalance = “dis-ease”
Slide 1.18
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22. Maintaining Homeostasis
Bodily functions are managed by neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
Slide 1.19a
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23. Maintaining Homeostasis
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides for response to a stimulus
Slide 1.19b
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24. Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
Slide 1.20a
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25. Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and childbirth
Slide 1.20b
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