1. Rocks a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids
Granite is a combination of
biotite, feldspar and quartz
minerals.

2. The ROCK CYCLE
represents the processes of continuous changes that connect the three major groups of rocks
SEDIMENTARY
IGNEOUS
METAMORPHIC
two important parts of the “Rock Cycle” are SEDIMENTS and molten LAVA and MAGMA

4. Another version of the Rock Cycle

6. IGNEOUS ROCKS
Form by solidification (crystallization) of melted minerals
At the surface, LAVA hardens to form EXTRUSIVE rocks with tiny (FINE-GRAINED) crystals or GLASSY (no crystal) TEXTURES
Beneath the surface, MAGMA hardens to form INTRUSIVE rocks with easily visible (COARSE-GRAINED) crystal texture.

7. Granite Intrusive Igneous Rock
Light-colored, coarse- grained, no pattern
Mostly quartz, feldspar, mica, and hornblende
Often used for buildings and monuments

8. Basalt Extrusive Igneous Rock
Dark-colored, fine-grained
Formed where lava erupted onto surface
Most widespread igneous rock
Vesicular Basalt forms when dissolved gases are forced out of solution

9. Obsidian Extrusive Igneous Rock
Natural volcanic glass
Forms when lava cools very quickly
Fractures along curved (conchoidal) surface
High in silicates

10. Pumice Extrusive Igneous Rock
Pumice is created when super-heated, highly pressurized rock is violently ejected from a volcano.
Consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals.
Typically light colored

11. Sedimentary Rocks
Formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.
Clastic sedimentary rocks,
Biochemical (or biogenic) sedimentary rocks
Chemical sedimentary rocks
“Other" sedimentary rocks formed by impacts, volcanism, and other minor processes

12. Clastic Rocks Made of cemented sediment, classified by their grain sizes.
Sandstone
Conglomerate

13. Shale Formed from compaction. Composed of mud
Shales are typically deposited in very slow moving water - often found in lakes and lagoonal deposits, in river deltas, on floodplains and offshore from beach sands.
Breaks into thin sheets

14. Limestone is made from calcite
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks formed from precipitation (settling out from a solution)
Limestone is made from calcite

15. Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks come from the remains of organic matter.
The most important of these is coal.
Formed from dead vegetation under high pressure and temperature.

16. Metamorphic Rocks Formed by heat and pressure changing existing rocks
REGIONAL METAMORPHIC affects a large area and results from plate tectonics
CONTACT METAMORPHISM affects rocks on a local scale, such as “baking” sedimentary rocks next to magma or lava

17. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks contain minerals that produce layering or banding
Schist: medium-grained rock contains mica
Slate: fine-grained, foliated,
homogeneous rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash

18. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks Rocks that were subjected to uniform pressure from all sides, or those that lack minerals with distinctive growth habits, will not be foliated
Quartzite
Formed from sandstone
Pure quartzite is usually white to gray
Pink and red quartzites occur due to varying amounts of iron oxide (Fe2O3).