1. Urbanization 10
CHAPTER
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

2. Growing Pains in Portland, Oregon
Senate Bill 100 sets guidelines for land use in Oregon, restricting development to urban areas and leaving open areas largely untouched.
In recent years, further measures have challenged Senate Bill 100, arguing that it restricts landowners from increasing the value of their property through development.
Talk About It Should governments be able to limit development on privately owned land if it means protecting the environment? Why or why not?

3. Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
For the first time in history, there are now more urban residents than rural residents.

4. Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Land Cover and Land Use
Land cover: Vegetation and structures that cover land.
Land use: Human activities that occur on land
Humans change land cover, especially in urban areas. These changes have environmental and economic effects.

5. Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Urban and Rural Areas
Rural: Any other type of land use or land cover (includes forests, cropland, etc.)
Urban: Land mostly covered with buildings and roads (includes suburbs)

6. Urbanization Occurs when people move from rural areas to cities
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Urbanization
Occurs when people move from rural areas to cities
Cities are not new, but the enormous size of today’s cities is. More than 20 cities have at least 10 million residents.

7. Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
The Rise of Cities
• Factors that contribute to the rise of urbanization include population growth and industrialization.
Most cities are located near a transportation route such as a large body of water, railroad, or highway.
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:
Chicago’s location on Lake Michigan helped it grow into a large and prosperous city.
Did You Know? Since 1950, the world’s urban population has more than quadrupled. According to U.N. projections, it will double again by 2050.

8. Environmental Costs of Urbanization
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Environmental Costs of Urbanization
Pollution: Increased waste, industrial byproducts, noise pollution, light pollution
Heat islands: Cities, several degrees warmer than surrounding areas, affect local weather and trap pollutants.
Imported resources: Fossil fuels are burned to import food, water, fuel, and raw materials.

9. Environmental Benefits of Urbanization
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Environmental Benefits of Urbanization
Efficiency: Less fuel and resources needed to distribute goods and services to residents
Universities and research centers: Urban areas tend to foster education and innovation.
Land Preservation: Dense urban centers leave room for agriculture, wilderness, biodiversity, and privacy.

10. Lesson Sprawl
In 1950, 65% of the U.S. population lived in urban (including suburban) areas, while 35% lived rurally. In 2010, 89% was urban and only 11% rural.
Los Angeles, CA, is one the most sprawling U.S. cities.

11. Lesson 10.2 Sprawl
What Is Sprawl?
The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from a dense urban core
Often, growth of suburban areas outpaces population growth because suburbs allow more space per person than cities.
Las Vegas, Nevada Left: 1972; Right: 2002

12. Primary Contributors to Sprawl
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl
Primary Contributors to Sprawl
Population growth
Increased per capita land consumption
On average, these two factors are equally important, but one may be more important than another in a specific city.

13. Patterns of Sprawl Uncentered commercial strip development
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl
Patterns of Sprawl
Uncentered commercial strip development
Low-density single-use residential development
Scattered, or leapfrog, development
Sparse street network

14. Impacts of Sprawl Transportation: Little to no public transportation
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl
Impacts of Sprawl
Transportation: Little to no public transportation
Pollution: Increased driving leads to pollution.
Public health: May promote inactivity, and by extension obesity and high blood pressure
Land Use: Less land left as open space, forests, and farms
Economics: Wealth tending to concentrate in suburbs, leaving urban areas poor
Did You Know? Every year, more than 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres) of rural land are converted to urban land in the United States.

15. Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
More than 600 “new urbanist” communities are planned or in construction across North America.

16. City Planning and Zoning
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
City Planning and Zoning
City planners attempt to design cities that both work well and look and feel appealing.
Zoning: Classification of land areas for different types of development and land use
An area can be mixed use or single use.
Involves restrictions on the use of private land

17. Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs)
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs)
A line drawn around a city to separate urban areas from rural areas, with limited permission for development
Advantages: Saves 20% in infrastructure costs compared with sprawl; decreases per capita land use; promotes economic development within the city
Disadvantages: Does not completely stop sprawl; limits rights of private landowners

18. Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Smart Growth
Focuses on economic and environmental approaches to avoiding sprawl
Builds “up,” not “out”
Maintains open spaces by redeveloping existing urban areas, waterfronts, and industrial sites

19. Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
“New Urbanism”
Seeks to design neighborhoods that minimize the need to drive
Requires good public transportation systems
Sometimes impossible due to zoning restrictions
Did You Know? A 2004 study found that residents of sprawling areas were heavier on average for their height, and had increased instances of high blood pressure.

20. Transportation Options
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Transportation Options
Public transportation a key factor in the quality of urban life
Buses, subways, trains more efficient, less polluting than cars
Cities encourage mass transit with fuel taxes, vehicle taxes, rewarding carpoolers, and encouraging bicycle and bus use.
Did You Know? Paris, France removed 200,000 parking spaces to encourage the use of public transportation within the city.

21. Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Open Space
Provides greenery, beauty, freedom of movement, recreation opportunities
Includes parks, playgrounds, community gardens, greenways
Regulates climate, produces oxygen, filters air and water, provides habitat
Did You Know? More than 24,000 km of abandoned public rail line in the U.S. have been converted to trails for walking, jogging, and biking.

22. Green Building Design – Sustainable Architecture
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Green Building Design – Sustainable Architecture
The goals of a green building are to save energy and resources without sacrificing people’s comfort.
Ashland High School near Boston, Massachusetts is a sophisticated green building that saves the school system more than $75,000 a year in energy costs.

24. Urban Sustainability Successes
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Urban Sustainability Successes
Curitiba, Brazil
Efficient bus network
Recycling and environmental education provided
New York City
Plan underway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve public transit, plant trees, clean up polluted sites, and improve open space access
The tube at this Curitiba bus stop handles fare collection for passengers boarding or exiting.