1. European
Nationalism

2. German
Unification

3. Zollverein, 1834

4. Prussia/Austria Rivalry

5. Key
Playas

6. Kaiser Wilhelm I

7. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
The “Iron Chancellor”
Realpolitik
“Blood & Iron”

8. Otto von Bismarck
The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron.

9. Otto von Bismarck
I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

10. The German Confederation

12. What’s the Capital of North Dakota?

13. Mmmm… Bismarcks

14. The Rise of Prussia Prussia Leads German Unification Wilhelm I:
Made ministers and army officers out of Junker
1862 Made conservative Junker Otto von Bismarck prime minister
Realpolitik: the politics of reality

15. The Rise of Prussia Prussia Leads German Unification Otto von Bismarck
Ruled without consent of Parliament
Without a legal budget
By “Blood & Iron”

16. Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag

17. German Imperial Flag
German for “Empire.”

18. The Rise of Prussia Germany Expands Bismarck = Patriot & power hungry
1864 Allied with Austria to defeat Denmark

19. Step 1:
The Danish War [1864]
The Peace of Vienna

20. Step 2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Austria

21. Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867
Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.
He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

22. Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War
1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

23. Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]
German soldiers “abusing” the French.

24. Step 3: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]

25. Bismarck & Napoleon III

26. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]
France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.
France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

27. Kaiser Wilhelm II [r ]

28. Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

29. German Imperial Flag
German for “Empire.”

30. Kaiser Wilhelm II

31. Italian
Unification

33. Italian Nationalist Leaders
King Victor Emmanuel II
Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”]
Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”]
Count Cavour [The “Head”]

34. Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?

35. Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30, 1849)

36. Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]
Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”
Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

37. Step 1: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea
What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

38. Step 2: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858
What “deals” are made here?

39. Step 3: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

40. Step 4: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Dut dut dut dah!
Italy is united!

41. Cavour Unites Italy
Where is Sicily again?

44. Who’s the most famous fictional Sicilian?

45. What problems still remain for Italy?
The Kingdom of Italy: 1871
What problems still remain for Italy?

46. Cavour Unites Italy Challenges After Unification
Old rivalries between provinces
North vs. South
Language differences
Workers strikes
Peasant uprisings
Entered 20th century as poor country

47. Eastern
Europe
in the Last Half
of the 19c

48. Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

49. Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

50. Franz Joseph I

51. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Empire Included: Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs and Italians
Here we go…

52. Anyone for Germany?

55. Czech Republic?

58. Slovakia?

61. Croatia?

64. Poland?

67. Serbia?

70. Italy?

73. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Empire Included: Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs and Italians
1866- Austro-Prussian War
Austria/Hungary lost
Franz Joseph pressured by Hungary
Split the empire in two (He still ruled both)
Would last until WWI

74. Russian Imperial Flag

75. A heterogeneous empire
Russian Expansion
A heterogeneous empire

76. Nicholas I [r ]
Autocracy!
Orthodoxy!
Nationalism!

77. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War.
Emancipation of the Russian serfs [ ].

78. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary. Slavophile.
“Russification” program.
Jews  forced migration to the Pale

79. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews