1. Chapter 13: Biotechnology

2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Scenario: You are an FBI agent, working at the scene of a crime. You found a small sample of blood, and you are hoping to obtain DNA information from it. But since it is such a small sample, you need to use a technique called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
PCR: Technique that is used to quickly make many copies of DNA from a single small sample (basically, it amplifies the amount of DNA you have)

3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): How It Works

5. What can you do with all that DNA? ….You need to analyze it further!

6. Preparing/Cutting the DNA
Restriction enzymes cut the DNA at specific sequences
Useful in order to divide DNA into manageable fragments

7. Next: Gel Electrophoresis
DNA can be separated based on size and charge
The phosphate groups are negatively charged
DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through it

9. Finished Gel

10. DNA Fingerprinting
Because people have differences in their DNA sequences, the restriction enzymes can cut their DNA into different fragments
When these fragments are run side-by-side on a gel, there will be different banding patterns based on the different size fragments
This is useful for:
Solving crimes (matching DNA samples from the crime scene to DNA samples from the suspect(s) and victim)
Determining relationships between individuals

11. Crime Scene

12. Paternity Test
Child has similar DNA to both mom AND “Male 1” (a.k.a. dad)

13. You Try! Who’s the Criminal?
You know the rule…don’t shout it out!

14. You Try! Who’s the Dad?
You know the rule…don’t shout it out!

15. Human Genome Project Started in 1990
Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes)
Over 3.3 billion nucleotides
Mapping every gene location (loci)
Conducted by scientists around the world

16. Human Genome Project Insights
Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons)
Other 98% (introns) are non-coding
Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (had expected 100,000)
About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide

17. Cloning
Cloning is the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means.
In the process of cloning an organism, a body (somatic cell) and an enucleated egg cell (one with its nucleus removed) are combined
Just like any other embryo, it divides by mitosis and develops into an organism

18. Cloning
Dolly

19. Biotechnology Breakthroughs
Insulin
First “synthetic” human insulin was made using E. coli
Bananas with the hepatitis B vaccine
Provided to those in developing countries
More economical than an injection