1. Chapter 16
The Crisis of Union

2. APUSH PowerPoint #4.6 (Part 1 of 1)
Unit #5
Chapter 12
BFW Textbook
TOPIC – Sectional Conflict & Crisis
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3. I. Slavery in the Territories

4. A. Proposals Wilmot Proviso Calhoun’s Resolutions Popular Sovereignty
a. David Wilmot (Democratic- PA)
b. Pro-Texas as a slave state
c. Against the spread of slavery in new territories
d. Senate votes against it
Calhoun’s Resolutions
Popular Sovereignty

5. A. Proposals (Cont’d . . .) Calhoun’s Resolutions
a. John C. Calhoun had no apology for slavery
b. Violation of the Fifth’s Amendment (Cannot deprive someone of their life, liberty, or property

6. A. Proposals (Cont’d . . .) Popular Sovereignty
a. Supported by a new brand of moderates: Thomas Hart Benton (Missouri), Lewis Cass (Michigan), and Stephen A. Douglas (Illinois)
b. “Squatter Sovereignty”
c. Citizens in a territory used democratic principles to decide which way the territory would become

7. B. Oregon as Free State Support for Oregon as a Free State
Polk’s Endorsement

8. C. Election of 1848 Whigs & Taylor
a. The Wilmot Proviso fueled the debate over slavery in the 1848 Presidential Election.
b. Several factions united in support of the Wilmot Proviso.

9. C. Election of 1848 (Cont’d . . . ) Free-soil Coalition
a. Barnburners (New York antislavery supporters of Martin Van Buren).
b. Conscience Whigs (Massachusetts opponents of slavery who disapproved of Zachary Taylor).
c. Liberty Party (Organized in 1840)
d. Martin Van Buren (nominated by the Free-Soilers)

10. C. Election of 1848 (Cont’d . . . ) Free-Soil Party
a. Political formed in 1848 to pledge the end of the expansion of slavery.
b. Promised “free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men.”
c. Nominated Martin Van Buren

11. Presidential Election of 1848
Results

12. Zachary Taylor 12th President 1849--1850 Party: Whig Home State:
Louisiana
Vice President:
Millard Fillmore

13. Zachary Taylor Domestic Opposed the Compromise of 1850
Nickname “Old Rough & Ready”
Second president to die in office (1850)
Foreign

14. D. California “Gold Rush”
a. Migration began the moment gold was discovered (January 24, 1848)
b. The mining frontier began and continued to grow as new concepts of mining were used to acquire gold

15. D. California (Cont’d . . .) Statehood
a. In 1849, California’s 80,000 residents drafted a state constitution and asked to be admitted as a “free” state.
b. California’s petition for statehood sparked more controversy in 1850.

16. II. The Compromise of 1850

17. A. The Context Controversies Participants a. Slavery in California?
b. President Taylor supported free-state status
c. Battle in Congress (pro- versus anti-slavery forces)
Participants

18. B. Initial Positions Clay’s Eight Proposals
a. Admit California as “free state”
b. Organize Utah and New Mexico as territories
c. Deny Texas claim to New Mexico’s territory
d. Pre-annexation Texas debts paid by Federals
e. Maintain legal slavery status in nation’s capital
f. Support federal “fugitive Slave Act”
g. Interstate slave trade should be denied to Congress

19. B. Initial Positions (Cont’d . . .)
Calhoun’s Reply (March 4, 1850)
a. Support of states’ rights (including new territories)
b. Return of fugitive slaves to the South
c. Equilibrium to the Senate
Webster’s Plea for Union
Seward’s Antislavery Reply
Comprehensive Bill

20. B. Initial Positions (Cont’d . . .)
The Great Debate of 1850

21. C. Reaching a Compromise
Fillmore Succeeds Taylor
a. President Zachary Taylor opposed the compromise, but died in the summer of 1850.
b. Vice-President Millard Fillmore supported the Compromise.

22. Millard Fillmore 13th President 1850--1853 Party: Whig Home State:
New York
Vice President:
None

23. Millard Fillmore Domestic
Second Vice President to become President following the death of Zachary Taylor
Supported the Compromise of 1850
Signed the Fugitive Slave Act (1850)
Foreign

24. C. Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .)
Douglas’s Strategy
a. Illinois Senator who was nicknamed, “the Little Giant”
b. Helped support the Compromise in Congress which was broken into five distinct plans

25. C. Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .)
Terms of Compromise
California was admitted as a free state.
Declared the unorganized western territories free.
Utah and New Mexico territories were able to decide the slave issue by popular sovereignty.
The Fugitive Slave Act would be passed with stricter laws.
The slave trade in Washington, D.C. was prohibited.

26. C. Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .)
Compromise of 1850

27. D. Antislavery Reaction
Protests Against Fugitive Slave Law
a. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 struck a cord in the North as abolitionists attacked it morally.
Personal Liberty Laws
a. Northern states passed the “liberty” statutes to allow states to arrest slave catchers.
b. Abolitionists organized and violence broke out in the west and the border states.

28. D. Antislavery Reaction (Cont’d . . .)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
Authored by Harriett Beecher Stowe.
The story portrayed the evils of slavery in the South.
The novel sold hundreds of thousands of copies both in the United States and Europe in the early 1850s.
The significance was an increase in abolitionist activity in the North and a flurry of anti-slavery rhetoric in Europe.

29. D. Antislavery Reaction (Cont’d . . .)
Harriett Beecher Stowe

30. E. Election of 1852 Candidates a. The Whig Party ran Winfield Scott.
b. The Democratic Party ran Franklin Pierce.
c. Whigs offered resistance to the Compromise of 1850, while Democrats continued its support.
d. Franklin Pierce won the election due to his Northern ties (home state of New Hampshire) and Southern support on the slave issue.

31. E. Election of 1852

32. 14th President 1853--1857 Franklin Pierce Party: Democratic
Home State:
New Hampshire
Vice President:
William Rufus King

33. Franklin Pierce Domestic
Congress passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Sent troops into “Bleeding Kansas”
Foreign

34. III. Foreign Affairs

35. A. Ostend Manifesto Cuba a. Issues over Cuba (a colony of Spain)
b. Spain’s navy harassed American shipping
Ostend Manifesto
a. A statement by the Pierce Administration that if Spain refused to sell Cuba, then it would be taken by force
b. When news of the Manifesto reached the papers, it was quickly disavowed

36. B. Diplomacy in the Pacific
Opening of China
a. Missionary work
b. Opened for trade in 1858
Commodore Perry in Japan
a. Mathew Perry was sent in 1853 to open up trade in Japan
b. Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

37. IV. Kansas-Nebraska Controversy

38. A. Transcontinental Railroad
Gadsden Purchase of 1853
a. Need for a railroad
b. 30,000 square miles
Douglas’s Nebraska Bill
a. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
b. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise
c. Antislavery Opposition

39. A. Transcontinental Railroad (Cont’d . . .)
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
a. The division of the Unorganized Territory into Kansas and Nebraska territories.
b. The use of popular sovereignty would decide the issue of slavery.
c. By allowing popular sovereignty in the territory, the act overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

40. A. Transcontinental Railroad (Cont’d . . .)

41. B. Emergence of the Republican Party
End of the Whigs Party
American “Know-Nothing” Party
New Coalition Party (Republican Party)
a. Formed in 1854 (Founder, Horace Greeley)
b. Made up primarily of Northerners (antislavery Whigs, antislavery Democrats, and independent Free-Soilers

42. C. Battle of Kansas Settlement (Pro- and Anti-slavery forces)
Elections
Clash of Governments

43. C. Battle of Kansas (Cont’d . . .)
John Brown
a. Radical abolitionist who came to Kansas to keep slavery out of the state.
b. Attacked the pro-slavery town of Pottawatomie by executing five pro-slavery Southerners.

44. C. Battle of Kansas (Cont’d . . .)
Pottawatomie Massacre (May 24-25, 1856)
a. Led by John Brown following the “Sack of Lawrence.
b. Five pro-slavers were massacred in the streets.

45. C. Battle of Kansas (Cont’d . . .)
“Crime Against Kansas” Speech (May 20, 1856)
Delivered by Charles Sumner who attacked Southerners (including South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler).
Within days, the nephew of Andrew Butler (Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina) walked into the Senate, cornered Sumner, and beat him with a cane.
Brooks was removed from office (only to be re-elected two years later), Sumner was in a coma for three years.

46. C. Battle of Kansas (Cont’d . . .)
Brooks-Sumner Clash in Congress

47. D. Presidential Election of 1856
a. The Democratic Party nominated James Buchanan.
b. The American “Know-Nothing” Party nominated former president Millard Fillmore.
c. The new Republican Party nominated John C. Fremont (hero of the “Bear Flag Revolt.”
d. The election would go to James Buchanan.

48. D. Presidential Election of 1856 (Cont’d . . .)

49. James Buchanan 15th President 1857--1861 Party: Democratic Home State:
Pennsylvania
Vice President:
John C. Breckenridge

50. James Buchanan Foreign Domestic
The Supreme Court rules against Dred Scott (1857)
Lincoln-Douglas Senatorial Debates (1858)
President during the Raid at Harper’s Ferry (1859).
President as the Confederate States of America was formed.
Foreign

51. V. Worsening of the Crisis under Buchanan

52. A. The Dred Scott Decision
The Dred Scott Case of 1857
a. Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri.
b. When his owner died, Dred Scott sued for his freedom.
c. The Supreme Court (under the leadership of Roger B. Taney) ruled against Scott.
d. The court stated that Scott was not a citizen and that the Missouri Compromise had violated the 5th Amendment.

53. A. The Dred Scott Decision (Cont’d . . .)
Roger Taney

54. B. Movement for Kansas Statehood
Governor Walker’s Efforts
Defeat of the Lecompton Constitution

55. C. Financial Panic of 1857
Causes
Sectional Reactions

56. D. Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Abraham Lincoln
a. Abraham Lincoln (raised in rural poverty and self- taught) was a lawyer and former anti-slavery Whig.
b. He had been elected to the House of Representatives and opposed Texas annexation in 1845, but had supported California’s entry into the Union in 1850.
c. Lincoln was opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and became active in the new Republican Party.

57. D. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (Cont’d . . .)
The “Little Giant” Debates “Honest Abe” (1858)

58. E. John Brown’s Raid The Raid at Harper’s Ferry
a. John Brown recruited an army of 19 abolitionists to carry out a slave revolt in Virginia.
b. Lt. Colonel Robert Lee seized the armory and took Brown into custody.

59. E. John Brown’s Raid (Cont’d . . .)
John Brown’s Execution
a. Brown was tried, convicted, and hanged becoming a martyr for Northerners and hated by Southerners.
b. The potential for Brown’s raid to succeed struck fear into the hearts of Southerners.

60. VI. Election of 1860

61. Presidential Election of 1860
The following issues were brought to the forefront in 1860:
The execution of John Brown,
The violence of “Bleeding Kansas,”
The results of the Dred Scott case,
The morality of the Fugitive Slave Act,
The southern support for “states rights”

62. A. Democrats Deadlocked Convention “Rump” Democrats Nominate Douglas
“Pro-slavers” Name Breckenridge

63. B. Republicans Nominate Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (Republican)

64. C. Constitutional Union Party
John Bell (Constitutional-Union)

65. D. The Campaign Presidential Election of 1860 (Issues)
a. The execution of John Brown,
b. The violence of “Bleeding Kansas,”
c. The results of the Dred Scott case,
d. The morality of the Fugitive Slave Act,
e. The southern support for “states rights”

66. E. Results Presidential Election of 1860
Lincoln won the election from the splintering of other the parties.
Lincoln received only 40% of the Popular Vote (mostly in the North), but did receive almost 60% of the Electoral Vote.
The Election of 1860 demonstrated that there were no longer any national parties (only sectional parties tied to economic self-interest).
The gap between North and South had widened to a point of two virtual nations: industrial and agricultural.

67. E. Results (Cont’d . . .)

68. VI. Secession

69. A. Deep South Acts Confederate States of America
a. The seven seceding states which formed a government with a written constitution.
b. It stressed the independence of each state and protected slavery.

70. A. Deep South Acts (Cont’d . . .)
Confederate States of America (CSA)

71. B. Buchanan’s Reaction Buchanan Speaks Out a. December 3, 1860 Speech
b. Blamed Northern “agitators”
c. No legal claim for seceding states
d. “Lame-Duck Presidency”

72. C. Federal Property in Seceded South
Seizing Property
a. Federal arsenals
b. Fort Sumter (Charleston Harbor, SC)

73. D. Last Compromise Attempts
Crittenden Compromise-
a. A final attempt of compromise offered by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to offer slavery in the western territories as well as reimbursement to Southerners for runaway slaves.
b. It would have become the 13th Amendment guaranteeing slavery, instead, it was voted down.

74. D. Last Compromise Attempts (Cont’d . . . )

75. Making Connections – Chapter 16
Through the 1850s, most of the debate over slavery concerned the expansion of slavery into the territories; with Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. Discussed in the next chapter, the issue shifted to slavery itself.

76. Making Connections – Chapter 16
Many of the Radical Republicans who designed Reconstruction (Chapter 18) had been anti-slavery Republicans before the war.

77. Making Connections – Chapter 16
The proposed transcontinental railroad that had brought about the Kansas-Nebraska crisis would finally be completed in 1869 (Chapter 20).