1. Transforming and Distorting Objects
Chapter 4
Transforming and Distorting Objects

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Objectives
Transform objects
Offset and outline paths
Create compound paths
Work with the Pathfinder panel
Use the Shape Builder tool
Create clipping masks
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Transform Objects
Transformation occurs when an object’s size, shape, or position is changed on the artboard.
Tools panel contains five transform tools:
Rotate
Scale
Reflect
Shear
Free Transform
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Transform Objects
The Reflect tool flips an image.
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Transform Objects
All transformations are executed in relation to a fixed point called the point of origin.
The default point of origin is the object’s center point.
You can change the center point to another point on the object or somewhere else on the artboard.
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Transform Objects
The X and Y coordinates of an object indicate the object’s horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) locations on the artboard.
X and Y coordinates are dependent upon specified reference point.
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Transform Objects
The default point of origin is the center of an object.
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Transform Objects
Four basic methods for transforming objects:
Click a transform tool, then click and drag anywhere on artboard.
Double-click one of the transform tools, which opens tool’s dialog box.
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Transform Objects
Click a transform tool, then click the artboard to define point of origin.
Click a transform tool, press [Alt](Win) or [option] (Mac), then click the artboard to open the tool's dialog box.
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Transform Objects
Repeat a transformation again quickly with the Transform Again command.
The quickest way to use the Transform Again command is to press [Ctrl][D] (Win) or [Command][D] (Mac).
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Transform Objects
The Transform Each command allows you to transform multiple objects individually.
The Transform Each dialog box offers options including:
Rotate
Scale
Reflect
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12. Transform Objects Before After
The eight squares are rotated on their own center points
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Transform Objects
Using the Free Transform Tool
The Free Transform Tool applies an eight-handled bounding box to a selected image
Move handles to scale and shear object
Click and drag outside the object to rotate the object
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Transform Objects
Use the Free Transform Tool in conjunction with keyboard commands.
Press and hold [Shift][Ctrl] (Win) or [Shift][Command] (Mac) to distort image.
Press and hold [Shift][Alt][Ctrl] (Win) or [Shift][option][Command] (Mac) while dragging to distort in perspective.
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Transform Objects
Transform panel displays information about size, orientation, and location of one or more selected objects
Type new values directly into the Transform panel to modify selected objects
You can identify the reference point on the bounding box from which the object will be transformed
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Transform Objects
Use the Free Transform Tool to distort objects in perspective
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Transform Objects
Transform panel options button
Width
text box
Rotate text box
Height text box
Shear
text box
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18. Offset and Outline Path Command
The Offset Path command creates a copy of a selected path set off by a specific distance.
Useful when working with closed paths, making concentric shapes or making many copies of a path at a regular distance from original.
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19. Offset and Outline Path Command
When you offset a closed path:
Positive value creates a larger copy outside original.
Negative value creates a smaller copy inside original.
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20. Offset and Outline Path Command
Concentric circles produced by the Scale tool
Concentric circles produced by the Offset Path command
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21. Offset and Outline Path Command
Outline Stroke command converts a stroked path into a closed path at the same width as original stroked path.
Useful for applying gradient to a stroke.
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22. Offset and Outline Path Command
The Outline Stroke command converts a stroked path to a closed object
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Create Compound Paths
A compound shape is two or more paths combined so that ‘holes’ appear.
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Create Compound Paths
The letter D is an example of a compound path
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Create Compound Paths
A compound path functions as a group:
Select and manipulate an individual element with Direct Selection tool.
Cannot change appearance attributes independently.
Apply the Release Compound Path command to return objects to original composition.
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26. Create Compound Paths
Manipulating compound paths can yield interesting effects
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27. Work with the Pathfinder Panel
Shape modes and Pathfinders are preset operations that help combine paths.
The Pathfinder panel contains ten buttons for creating compound shapes.
Useful for creating complex or irregular shapes from basic ones
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28. Work with the Pathfinder Panel
You can create a compound shape by overlapping two or more objects, then clicking one of the four shape mode buttons in the top row of the Pathfinder panel.
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29. Work with the Pathfinder Panel
Minus Front
Intersect
Exclude
Unite
Minus Back
Divide
Outline
Trim
Merge
Crop
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30. Work with the Pathfinder Panel
No Filter
Unite
Minus Front
Intersect
Minus Back
Divide
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31. Work with the Pathfinder Panel
After applying a shape mode button, you can select the resulting objects in the compound shape and format them using the Direct Selection tool.
You can also press [Alt] (Win) or [option] (Mac) when you click a shape mode button.
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32. Use the Shape Builder Tool
The Shape Builder tool creates new closed paths from overlapping objects.
Drag the Shape Builder tool across objects which you want to turn into a single object.
You can also specify objects to be deleted.
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33. Use the Shape Builder Tool
Red outlines indicate which shapes will be included
Fill and stroke for new shape
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34. Use the Shape Builder Tool
You can also delete an object with the Shape Builder tool by pressing and holding down [Alt] (Win) or [option] (Mac) while dragging.
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Create Clipping Masks
Use a clipping mask as a ‘window’ to see some or all of the objects behind the mask in the stacking order.
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Create Clipping Masks
Apply Make Clipping Mask command
Top object becomes the mask
Objects behind become ‘masked’
Only parts of masked object will be seen through mask.
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Create Clipping Masks
Four objects being masked
Black circle becomes mask
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Create Clipping Masks
Using multiple objects as a clipping mask
Make objects into compound path
Single object can be used as a single mask
Creating mask effects
Position as many items as you want behind mask
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Create Clipping Masks
Masks can be used to create stunning visual effects
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