1. Bahrick: finish handout

2. The Multi Store Model of Memory
Models of Memory

3. How does information get from our STM to Our LTM?
Starter
How does information
get from our STM to
Our LTM?

4. Objectives To be able to…
Describe the constitute parts of the Multi Store Model
Describe research into the capacity of the Sensory Register
Evaluate the multi-store model

5. The MSM
What is a Model?
The MSM was developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
Memory is a flow of information through three different stores. Each store differs in terms of capacity, duration and coding.

6. Multi Store Model of Memory
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
Maintenance Rehearsal
Environmental Stimuli
Retrieval
Sensory Register(SR)
Short-Term Memory (STM)
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Attention
Rehearsal
Decay
Forgetting
Animation

7. The MSM

8. Task: In your packs draw and fill in as much of the grid below
(main) CODING
DURATION
CAPACITY
Sensory register
Short term memory
Long term memory
Extension
Identify a study that investigated the STM 10 sec)
Identify a study that investigates the LTM (10 sec)

9. Should look something like this…
(Main) CODING (form)
DURATION
(how long)
CAPACITY
(how much)
Sensory register
Short term memory
acoustic
15-30 seconds
5-9 items
Long term memory
semantic
A life time
unlimited

10. Sensory register
Sensory register, also called sensory memory, refers to the first and most immediate form of memory you have.
The sensory register is your ultra-short-term memory that takes in sensory information through your five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) and holds it for no more than a few seconds.
Our senses are engaged when we are exposed to a stimulus or something that causes a sensory response, such as a strong odour. It is the sensory register that enables you to remember sensory stimuli after your exposure to the stimuli has ended.
If it does not receive attention information is lost.

11. Coding in the SR The store is modality-specific
There is very little coding in the sensory register. Information enters the memory system through our senses, and it is thought that everything we see, hear, touch, smell and taste enters sensory memory (sensory register) and remains in its raw form. There are different registers of each sense, for example.
Iconic register: memory for visual information
Echoic register: memory for auditory information
Haptic register: memory for touch
The store is modality-specific

12. Duration of the SR
Between the sensory register and short-term memory there is a filter called ‘attention’. It is believed that information that is not attended to is lost very quickly According to research, iconic memory has a very short frequency, maybe up to ½ a second (500 milliseconds). It is a little longer in echoic memory, with information remaining for about 3 seconds. Iconic memory is thought to cause the impression of an illuminated line when you wave a sparkler on bonfire night, you can even spell out someone’s name.

13. Class Experiment Ready?
I will press the start button. You need to stare at the blue cross on screen.
A table of 12 letters and numbers will appear for 50 milliseconds (a blink of an eye).
You then need to write down as many of the letters and numbers as you can.
Ready?

14. Start

16. F Y W B K P S M T G Q L

17. Write down as many as you can!F Y W B K P S M T G Q L
How many did you get?

18. High Low Class Experiment Middle
We will now repeat this again. However this time after the grid has gone I will say ‘high’, ‘middle’ or ‘low’.
You need to recall only the letters in the row I specify.
High
Middle
Low

19. Start

21. S P J F M H Q D Y T R

22. Write down as many as you can!
How many did you get?

23. What did we find out? Did you recall a larger percentage
of correct items when you had to recall
the whole grid or just one row?
What do you think this experiment is testing?
What do you think it shows or
suggests?

24. Sperling (1960): Sensory Memory
If you got approximately 3 items from the row, that suggests that you took in 9+ from the whole array...but they fade faster than you can write them down.
Sperling conducted this experiment. Participants saw a grid of digits for 50 milliseconds. They were either asked to write down all 12 items, or that they would hear a tone immediately after and they would have to recall that particular row.

25. Evidence for the Sensory Store
Sperling (1960) 7 1 V F X L 5 3 B 4 W
High Tone
Medium Tone
Low Tone
Whole Thing = 5 items recalled about 42%
One Row = 3 items recalled about 75%

26. Sperling (1960): So what does this suggest?
Theoretically participants should have been able to remember 4 items from a row, however approximately only 3 were remembered.
This suggests that sensory memory cannot hold information for long. The briefly shown information faded from memory before it could be recalled
Information decays rapidly in the sensory store!
 This supports the existence of a sensory store!

27. Task: In your packs draw and fill in as much of the grid below
(main) CODING
DURATION
CAPACITY
Sensory register
Short term memory
Long term memory
Extension
Identify a study that investigated the STM 10 sec)
Identify a study that investigates the LTM (10 sec)

28. Complete Coding, Capacity and Duration of the SR
(Main) CODING (form)
DURATION
(how long)
CAPACITY
(how much)
Sensory register
Iconic,echoic, other
Iconic-1/2 s
Echoic-3 s
Very large
Short term memory
acoustic
15-30 seconds
7 items
Long term memory
semantic
A life time
unlimited

29. Plenary: ABC How well do you know the Model?
You will be put in groups of three.
The teacher will decide who is ABC
A holds the key terms
B talks for one minute about the MSM and A ticks off the key terms used.
C then talks for a further minute and tries to fill in any gaps.
A then reads out the words missed and you define together.

30. Describe the MSM
Information flows through a number of separate unitary storage systems in a linear fashion
There are three main storage systems
Each stage differs in terms of:
Coding – the form in which the information is stored
Capacity – how much information can be stored
Duration – how long information can be stored for
Information can remain in short-term memory by maintenance rehearsal, and such repetition will create a long term memory
The more information is rehearsed, the better it is remembered
Information can be lost from each store, but in different ways

31. Now it is your turn…Home Activity – VESPA – Effort-practice
Working on your own or with a friend create all the constituent parts of the MSM.
The parts can be made out of anything you can lay your hands on
Research the three stores and provide detail for each one.
Put this all together like a jigsaw puzzle
Take a picture of this for your notes and bring in to college next Wednesday
Have fun!

32. Example of model

33. Exam question completion
Page 7 of workbook
Need support?
Use key term sheet
ABC sheet
Diagram
Sentence starter?

34. MSM
Lesson 5

35. Objectives Evaluate the MSM
Apply knowledge to an exam question on Coding, capacity and duration and the MSM

36. Outline the multi-store model of memory (6 marks)
Starter: exam focus
Outline the multi-store model of memory (6 marks)

37. Find the errors
Find the 11 mistakes: Outline the multi-store model of memory (6 marks) The WMM suggests that there are three separate stores: The sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Information first passes through the sensory register, where it can be stored for between 15 and 30 seconds. If the information is not attended to, it is likely to be forgotten. There are a number of different types of sensory register depending on the sense from which the information is received. Visual information is stored in echoic memory, and auditory information is stored in iconic memory. If information is attended to, it is passed into STM where it will last for up to 5 minutes without rehearsal. In STM, it is believed that an average of 8 (plus or minus 3) items can be stored, although much is lost through displacement. It is also believed that information is mainly coded acoustically. After maintenance rehearsal, information is transferred into LTM, where it has an unlimited duration, a limited capacity and information is mainly encoded visually. Forgetting is thought to occur through the decay of information if it is not used or retrieval failure. To retrieve information from LTM, it must be sent back into STM, and these decisions are governed by the central executive.

38. Improve the answer
What would the right information be? Outline the multi-store model of memory (6 marks) The WMM suggests that there are three separate stores: The sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Information first passes through the sensory register, where it can be stored for between 15 and 30 seconds. If the information is not attended to, it is likely to be forgotten. There are a number of different types of sensory register depending on the sense from which the information is received. Visual information is stored in echoic memory, and auditory information is stored in iconic memory. If information is attended to, it is passed into STM where it will last for up to 5 minutes without rehearsal. In STM, it is believed that an average of 8 (plus or minus 3) items can be stored, although much is lost through displacement. It is also believed that information is mainly coded acoustically. After maintenance rehearsal, information is transferred into LTM, where it has an unlimited duration, a limited capacity and information is mainly encoded visually. Forgetting is thought to occur through the decay of information if it is not used or retrieval failure. To retrieve information from LTM, it must be sent back into STM, and these decisions are governed by the central executive.

39. The correct answers
Outline the multi-store model of memory (6 marks) The multi-store model of memory (MSM) suggests that there are three separate stores: The sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Information first passes through the sensory register, where it can be stored for between 1/2 and 3 seconds. If the information is not attended to, it is likely to be forgotten. There are a number of different types of sensory register depending on the sense from which the information is received. Visual information is stored in iconic memory, and auditory information is stored in echoic memory. If information is attended to, it is passed into STM where it will last for up to 30 seconds without rehearsal. In STM, it is believed that an average of 7 (plus or minus 2) items can be stored, although much is lost through displacement. It is also believed that information is mainly coded acoustically. After maintenance rehearsal, information is transferred into LTM, where it can last up to a life time, an unlimited capacity and information is mainly encoded semantically. Forgetting is thought to occur through the decay of information if it is not used or retrieval failure. To retrieve information from LTM, it must be sent back into STM.

40. Evaluate the MSM
To help when evaluating models and theories… we can use the acronym CASTLES