1. Animal Behavior

2. What is behavior?
Behavior is anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in its environment
Environmental cues, such as change of temperature and the length of daylight
Heat is a stimulus for the lizard to seek shade
Change in temp and day length is a stimulus for a whale to leave the summer time habitat in the artic

3. Innate Behavior Inborn behavior- programmed by genes
Fixed-Action Patterns
Unchanged sequence of patterns
Triggered by a particular stimulus
Often involved activities critical for survival
Rhythms of Behavior-Biological Clock
Circadian rhythm~24 hour cycle
Nocturnal vs diurnal
Tidal
seasonal

4. Automatic responses to stimuli
Reflex- simplest form of innate behavior
A reflex is a simple, automatic response that involves no conscious control
Blinking , moving your hand from something hot
Fight or flight response- mobilized the body for greater activity
Body is prepared for danger
Automatic and controlled by internal chemical mechanisms
Being scared- heart rate increase

5. Instinctive Behavior Patterns
An instinct is a complex pattern of innate behavior
A reflex can happen in less then a second while instinctive behavior patterns may have several parts and may take weeks to complete
sea gulls
Instinctive behavior begins when the animal recognizes a stimulus and continues until all parts of the behavior have been preformed

6. Taxis In taxis, the animal moves toward or away from a stimulus.
Taxis is often exhibited when the stimulus is light, heat, moisture, sound, or chemicals
Example: Wood louse and humidity seeking behavior
Living in humid areas required for survival
Prolonged exposure to dry air = death
General Tendency to keep moving in dry and stop when in moist
Only senses humidity of present location

7. Other types of instinctive behavior patterns
Courtship behavior
Territorial
Aggression
Dominance of hierarchy (submission)
Internal and external cues
Circadian rhythm, migration, hibernation, estivation

8. Instinctive Behavior Patterns continues
Courtship behavior ensures reproduction
Courtship behavior- is a behavior that males and females of a species carry out before matting
Helps them recognize other members of their species
Why is this important?

9. Territoriality reduces competition
Chipmunks chasing chipmunks from bird feeders
The chipmunk is defending his territory
A territory is a physical space an animals defends against other members of its species
Contains the animals breeding area, feeding area, and potential mates
Territorial behavior has survival value for both the animal and the species… why?

10. Aggression threatens other animals
Aggression is behavior that us used to intimidate another animal
Animals fight or threaten one another in order to defend their young, territory, resources
Behavior includes birds singing, teeth baring, growling

11. Submission leads to dominance
Think of having a younger or older sibling? Who wins when you argue?
Usually the older or stronger wins.
With animals aggressive behavior may occur in groups. In these groups there may be different levels of dominant and submissive animals.
A dominance hierarchy is a form of social ranking in which some individuals are more subordinate then others.

12. submission In a group normally one animal is top-ranking
Leads others to food, water and shelter
Dominate males father most of the offspring
In groups there are different levels of dominance think pecking order

13. Behavior resulting from internal and external cues
Some behavior is based on a 24 hour day/night cycle
What are some examples of this?
The 24 hour, light-regulated, sleep/wake cycle of behavior is called circadian rhythm.
Keeps you alert during day
Relaxing you at night
Works when you forget to set your alarm
Rhythm is controlled by genes yet are influenced by jet lag and work conditions

14. More on rhythms Occurs on a yearly or seasonal cycle
Migration= seasonal
Migration= instinctive, seasonal movement of animals
Birds
Whales
Change in day length triggers migration
Learned and natural behavior
Young animals learn when and how from their parents

15. Other types of internal and external cues
Hibernation
A state of inactivity where body temperature drops a lot, breathing slows.
Happens in cold environments
Conserves energy
Animals will eat a lot before they hibernate
Storage of fat provides fuel for body.
Estivation
State of reduced metabolism that occurs in animals living in conditions of intense heat.
Animals that lack food or water will experience this

16. 33.2
Learned Behavior

17. What is learned behavior?
When behavior changes because of practice or experience.
More complex brains can learn more
Innate behaviors (the ones we already talked about) are more common in invertebrates and learned behaviors are more common in vertebrates

18. Why is learning important?
Survival
Animals can respond to changing conditions
Allows animals to adapt to change
Important for animals with long life spans.
Longer you live the greater chance of the environment changing

19. Classical Conditioning
Kinds of Learned
BEHAVIOR
Habituation
Imprinting
Trial & Error
Classical Conditioning
Insight

20. Habituation: A simple form of learning
A lack of a response
Ex horses not being effected by cars
Occurs when an animal is repeatedly give a stimulus that is not associated with any punishment or reward

21. Imprinting: A permanent attachment
Form of learning in which an animal at a specific critical time in its life forms a social attachment to another object
Ex- ducklings following their mom
Only occurs at a specific time in life
Is irreversible

22. Learning by trial and error
Repeating many times to become successful
An animal receives an award for a particular response
Happens best with motivation
An internal need that causes an animal to act, and it is necessary for learning to take place

23. Classical Conditioning
Learning by association
Sound of the can opener calling your pet
The pet has been conditioned to respond to a stimulus other then the smell of food.
Classical conditioning is learning by association.
Pavlov’s dog

24. Insight The most complex type of learning Problem solving
An animal uses previous experience to respond to a new situation.

25. Plant responses

26. Plant Hormones Hormones Regulate growth and development
They are a chemical that is produced in one part of an organism and is transported to another part, where is causes a physiological change
Only a small amount of hormone is needed to make a change

27. Important hormones Ethylene Gibberellins Cytokinins ***Auxins ripening
Increases size of stems & fruit
Cytokinins
Stimulate cell division
Cause dormant seeds to grow
***Auxins
Stimulate cell elongation

28. Tropic responses in plants
Tropism is a plant’s response to an external stimulus
The tropism is called positive if the plant grows toward the stimulus
The tropism is called negative if the plant grows away from the stimulus

29. Phototropism Young Plant Shoots Bending Toward Light
Caused by uneven distribution of auxin in plants system
More auxin on side away from plant.

30. Gravitropic response
Associated with upward growth of stems and the downward growth of roots
Plants response to gravity

31. Thigmotropism
Response to touch

32. Nastic response
Responsive movement of a plant that is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus
Ex Venus-fly trap