1. EVOLUTION REVIEW Chapter 15 & 16
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

2. Differences among individuals within a species
Change in a population over time
evolution
Differences among individuals
within a species
Natural variation

3. Homologous structures
Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues, but have different mature forms
Homologous structures
Organ with little or no function
Vestigial organ

4. Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chances
Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment
fitness
Inherited characteristic that
increases and organism’s chances
for survival
adaptation

5. Preserved remains of an ancient organism fossil
Islands that Darwin visited on his
voyage on the Beagle that started
him thinking about how organisms
change over time
Galapagos

6. Descent with Modifications
Concept that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time
Descent with Modifications
Idea that organisms that are
best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce
Survival of the Fittest

7. Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve
When humans select and breed animals with certain useful traits from the natural variation in the population
Artificial selection
Process by which unrelated
organisms independently evolve
similarities when adapting to
similar environments
Convergent evolution

8. Traits controlled by two or more genes
Polygenic trait
Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environments
Divergent evolution

9. The bones in the diagrams below are examples of ________________
Homologous structures

10. Book published by Charles Darwin in which he proposed a mechanism
Trait controlled by a single gene
Single gene trait
Book published by Charles Darwin
in which he proposed a mechanism
and provided evidence for his
Theory of Evolution
“On the Origin of Species”

11. Alfred Wallace French naturalist who hypothesized
Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive to
publish his ideas about evolution by
writing an essay that described similar
ideas.
Alfred Wallace
French naturalist who hypothesized
that organisms acquire traits during
their lifetime through use or disuse
which can be passed on to offspring
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

12. James Hutton & Charles Lyell
2 geologists who recognized that Earth is many millions of years old and that processes that changed it still operate today
James Hutton & Charles Lyell
English economist who reasoned that if the human population kept growing unchecked, there would be insufficient food and space for everyone
Thomas Malthus

13. Explain what was incorrect about Lamarck’s
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
hypothesis
Genes determine which traits are passed on;
unless genes are changed the acquired trait will
only show in original organism
Explain what was correct about Lamarck’s
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
hypothesis
First theory about evolution;
Organisms do change and adapt to their environments

14. Geographic distribution Homologous structures Embryology DNA
Name 3 kinds of evidence that supports Darwin’s THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Fossils
Geographic distribution
Homologous structures
Embryology DNA

15. Natural selection is the same as ______________
The idea that all species, living and extinct, were derived from a common ancestor
Common descent
Natural selection is the same as
______________
Survival of the fittest

16. Common descent The diagrams at the right show evidence of ____________
The diagrams at the
right show evidence
of ____________
A. natural selection
B. natural variation
C. common descent
D. artificial selection
Common descent

17. The practice of breeding dogs to produce offspring with specific
Measuring lima beans and finding beans come in different sizes is an example of
____________
Natural variation
The practice of breeding dogs to
produce offspring with specific
traits is an example of
_________________
Artificial selection

18. A human’s appendix and a skink’s legs are examples of _______________
Vestigial organs
How would Lamarck
explain these giraffes
with longer necks?
They grew longer with use
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

19. How would Darwin explain these giraffes with longer necks?
Populations naturally have
individuals with different
sizes of necks
(natural variation)
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

20. How would Darwin explain the evolution of this giraffe population towards longer necks?
Longer necked giraffes can better compete for food and survive to reproduce, passing on their long necked genes.
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

21. How would Lamarck explain the evolution of this giraffe population towards longer necks?
The long-necked trait acquired by stretching can be passed onto offspring and those organisms will be better able to survive.
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

22. According to this diagram, modern whales have a vestigial pelvis
and femur. What does this suggest
about ancestors of modern whales?
Ancestors of modern whales had legs and
walked on land
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

23. The adaptations in species of finches that Darwin observed on the Galάpagos Islands were
different shaped _____________
beaks
Why did Darwin first hesitate to
publish his ideas about evolution?
His findings challenged fundamental scientific beliefs at the time

24. A change in a DNA sequence caused by a mistake in DNA replication or exposure to radiation or chemicals
mutation
Changes in the allele frequency in a small population that are due to random chance and don’t follow the laws of probability
Genetic drift

25. All the genes, including all the different alleles, in a population
Gene pool
A situation in which the allele
frequencies in a population do NOT
change and the population does NOT EVOLVE
Genetic equilibrium

26. A change in relative frequency of alleles in a population
Trait controlled by two or more genes
polygenic
A change in relative frequency of alleles in a population
evolution

27. A change in allele frequencies due to the migration of a small subgroup of a population to a new place
Founder effect
Idea that allele frequency will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies
to change
Hardy-Weinberg Principle

28. replication Copying DNA is called __________
Exchange of DNA between homologous
chromosomes during
PROPHASE I of MEISOIS
Mixing up of maternal and paternal
chromosomes in different combinations during ANAPHASE of MEIOSIS
Crossing over
SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

29. A trait controlled by a single gene with two alleles
Single gene trait
The number of times a certain allele occurs in a gene pool
compared to the number of times
other alleles for the same gene occur
Relative frequency

30. Give a summary of Darwin’s theory of evolution
Natural variation in population provides basis
for natural selection to act
Overproduction of offspring forces competition for resources (struggle for survival)
Organisms best suited to their environment will survive
and reproduce;
Other organisms die or leave fewer offspring
(survival of the fittest/natural selection)
Species alive today have descended with modification from ancestral species that lived in the distant past
All organisms are united into a single “tree of life” (common descent)

31. caused by mistakes in copying DNA caused by radiation
Tell two sources of genetic variation in populations
Mutations
caused by mistakes in copying DNA caused by radiation
or environmental chemicals
Gene shuffling during meiosis
crossing over
independent assortment

32. Bell-shaped curve (OR normal distribution)
Type of distribution curve shown by
polygenic traits
Bell-shaped curve (OR normal distribution)
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33. Stabilizing selection
The effect of natural selection when individuals near the center of a normal curve of distribution have higher fitness than those at the extremes
Stabilizing selection
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34. Directional selection
The effect of natural selection when individuals at one end of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end
Directional selection
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35. The effect of natural selection when individuals at the extreme ends of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than those near the center of the curve
Disruptive selection
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36. Random mating NO mutations
TELL THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE HOLDS TRUE:
Random mating
LARGE population
NO mutations
NO movement IN OR OUT
NO natural selection

37. independent assortment
How does gene shuffling occur during meiosis?
Crossing over &
independent assortment
What are some causes of mutations?
Mistakes during DNA copying (replication)
Environmental chemicals or radiation

38. There is NO EVOLUTION hypothesis
If all the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg are met, what happens to the population?
A possible explanation for a set of observations
or a possible answer to a scientific question
There is NO EVOLUTION
hypothesis

39. Can all the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg ever be met?
In rare populations over long periods of time they may be met (or nearly met) BUT MOST OF THE TIME NO WAY!
You can have small & isolated populations (no moving in or out) BUT. . . there is always non-random mating, mutations, & natural selection. So there is ALMOST ALWAYS EVOLUTION HAPPENING !

40. THE END