1. Hybrid ; Clean and Fuel Saving Technology for the Current and Future Vehicles
OICA/JAMA
Hirose Katsuhiko/Toyota Motor Corporation
Thank you chairman.
I am going to present the one of the high potential technology for the future,
called Hybrid.
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

2. What are possible with hybrid?
First of all what are possible with hybrid?
Next please.
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

3. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
Hybridization
This is the fuel economy of latest vehicles.
Red line show the average of the conventional vehicles, green line is the average of the hybrid vehicles.
Fuel economy is almost doubled with this technology.
Next please
Hybrid vehicle vs conventional vehicles
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

4. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
Fuel Consumption on Various Driving Cycles
Conventional Vehicle: IW 1250 kg
with Automatic Transmission, L L Engine
Japanese
10-15 mode (22.7km/h)
Prius
Conventional Vehicle
ECE mode (33.6km/h)
US-FTP (48.2km/h)
Traffic jam mode
(11.4km/h)
However does hybrid double the fuel economy always.
This graph shows the fuel consumption in the various driving conditions.
This is the This is the fuel consumption improvement on various driving cycles.
Fuel consumption is halved for the city driving
Highway mode
(Average speed 100km/h) 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fuel Consumption ( liter/ 100 km )
Source:Toyota data
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

5. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
What is hybrid?
First of all What is hybrid.
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

6. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
What is hybrid?
“At least 2 different energy converters and 2 different energy sources for the vehicle propulsion”
As shown here, definition the hybrid vehicle is “ At least 2 different energy converters and 2 different energy sources for the vehicle propulsion”
This is two wide because it include any advanced hybrid which may come in future.
I will explain the current example.
Next please.
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

7. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
Hybrid System
Series hybrid
Parallel Hybrid
Battery
Battery
Inverter
Inverter
Engine
Engine
There are two kinds of hybrid systems on the road, called series hybrid and parallel hybrid.
This is the a schematic graph of both technologies.
Series hybrid use an engine to generate electricity, and an electric motor to drive the automobile. The engine operates at an almost constant speed, independent from the driving condition. This results in better fuel economy and greatly reduced emissions in city driving, but needs very large batteries and motors if the car shall perform like a today’s normal passenger car.
This type of hybrid is rather miner because expensive big battery is necessary.
Next one called parallel hybrid,currently most of the hybrid on the road is this type.
Parallel hybrid systems, on the other hand, connect both engine and motor to the drive shaft.
Either or both of the power plants can be used to drive the car. The system offers performance very close to that of conventional IC engine powered automobiles.
Next please
Generator
Motor
Transmission
Motor
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

8. Energy Management Hybrid +
Energy help
acceleration
Energy Storage(Battery)
1min10sec
Storage of
excess energy
Recovery of
braking energy
Energy
Acceleration
Engine turns off
Energy Management Hybrid　
Time
Why and how the hybrid are able to improve fuel consumption.
This is the energy management system of the hybrid electric vehicle system
When the vehicle is accelerated energy from the battery helps to accelerate the veicle and when the vehicle is cruising, system generates electricity to charge the battery and when the vehicle is decelerated, vehicle kinetic energy can be recovered.
Then energy is stored in the battery and can be used for the next propulsion.
This system optimize the energy use of the vehicle.
Engine output energy with maximum efficiency -
Deceleration
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

9. Regenerative Brake (25%)
Analysis for Fuel Economy １
Efficiency Increase
Engine Efficiency
Electric CVT
(50%）
Efficiency Increase
Engine Efficiency
Electric CVT
(45%）
Fuel Economy Improvement Rate
Regenerative Brake (25%)
Regenerative Brake
(30%)
Engine Stop
(25%)
I said fuel economy doubled. This is the analysis of the improvement.
Please note that 30% of the fuel economy improvement is due the regenerative brake.
This energy is normally waste as a heat.
Next please.
Engine Stop (10%)
Japanese
10-15mode
US City mode (LA#４)
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

10. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
Evolution of Vehicle thermal efficiency
Vehicle Total Thermal Efficiency 30
HV A 2000
Hybridization
HV-A 1997 20
Base Vehicle 10
Oil Crisis
１９００
２０００
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

11. Market Penetration of Future Power Source
Technology
High efficiency,
Low emission,
Reliability, etc.
Product
Performance, Price
Market Condition
Fuel, Infrastructure,
Technical standard, Tax, etc.
32sec
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

12. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
Product
Future vehicle requirements
Good performance
High efficiency
Low environmental impacts
Cost effective
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

13. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
Good Performance
Mid range acceleration 5
HV-A 2000/1.5L
Good Mid range
acceleration due to
the rich motor torque
Good Practical Performance
Attractive Product for the customers
HV B
1.5L　Ａ/Ｔ 10
ハイブリッドはモーターの高いトルクを使う事によって
実用的な中間加速を大きく改良できるポテンシャルを持っています。
この図はプリウスの中間加速を示した物ですが既に同じクラスの車に比べて大変良い中間加速を示しており今後の改良では更に良くなる可能性を示しています。
　Ａ/Ｔ
80-
110 15
Good 10
km/h
（Sec）
Acceleration　0-100km/h（Sec）
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

14. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
Low Environmental Impact (CO2 )
Well to Wheel CO2 Emissions
EC mode
MPI-SI(Gasoline)
Current
DISI
DICI(Diesel)
CNG
Hybrid THS(Gasoline)
Future Tech EV *1
Hydrogen FCHV
Well to Wheel　CO2 *2
Onboard Reform FCHV
Next is the environmental　impacts.
This the well to wheel copmarison of several technology in term of the CO2 emission.
Hybrid is the lowest CO2 emission among the currently available technologies.
0.5 1
1.5 2
CO2 emission (MPI-SI =1)
*1: Made from CNG.
*2: CO2 emission of FCV is an estimation.
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

15. Low Environmental Impacts (Emissions)
ppmc 50
ULEV
Gasoline Engine approaching
Ambient Air level
Hybrids help catalyst warm up hence
reach very low emission level
Gas Concentration
Cold start emission
Hot start emission 5
Prius SULEV
This is the emission potential of the hybrid vehicle.
Hybrid system also improve emission reduction.
In term of hydrocarbon emission, engineers already achieved hot emission is cleaner than the city ambient air quality.
I believe that no one will blame the air pollution to automobiles in near future.
City　Air 96 98 00 02 04
Year
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

16. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
Cost EV
High
Price
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Vehicle
HEV
Price
Final but most difficult barrier for the market is price.
Hybrid is much cheaper than the electric vehicle.
Because of the amaller battery size.
However hybrid need extra energy storage which is additional component from the conventional vehicles.
I would like to say hybrid is cost effective technology but still a big issue as a product.
Low
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

17. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
Summery
Does Hybrid meets future vehicle requirements
Good performance
High efficiency
Low environmental impacts
Cost effective
High Cost/Price is still a big issue to be solved.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

18. Hybrid ; Phase to spread
Hybrid Vehicles
- Phase to spreads
Laboratory
1997 PC
Strong HV
2001: Mild HV
Mild Hybrid System
52sec
1999 Sport Car HV
2001 minivan HV
1997
Series hybrid system
Hybrid ; Phase to spread
These are the hybrid vehicle now you can purchase at the car dealer.
Hybrid technology is now in the phase to spread after the long laboratory phase..
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

19. Sales Volume (EV vs. Hybrid)
100,000+
30,000
Hybrid EV
number of units sold
This graph shows the number of electric vehicles registered throughout the world to date, in addition to the number of Prius vehicles sold in Japan since 1997.
In addition to the overall excellence of vehicle performance, thanks to a combination of governmental subsidies, a reduction in vehicle acquisition tax and the vehicle’s environmentally-friendliness, the first generation Prius achieved overall sales of over 50,000 units.
As you can see from the graph, the hybrid vehicle has been and continues to be acknowledged on the market as a mass production green energy vehicle, having surpassed 30 years of EVs, in terms of number of units sold, in approximately 20 months on the market.
Next please
1970
1990
2000
year
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

20. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
Hybrid
Most promising technology
Proved high efficiency
Market acceptable
more than vehicles now on the road since1997
Cost/Price is still big issue
Real mass production necessary to lower to the comparable cost with conventional vehicles
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

21. For the environmental technologies
Industry makes effort to enhance performance and product customer acceptability.
Corroboration with government to lower the barrier for the customer to adopt those technologies.
----> enhance both emission and CO2 reduction
Mass penetration
Explain according to the slide
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

22. for Automobile Evolution
Hybrid ＝ Core Technology
for Automobile Evolution
Core technology HV
G-HV
CNG-HV
D-HV
H2FC-HV
XFC-HV
XX-HV
21st
century
55sec
（1min8sec）
Around 2000
Core technology ICE HV
CNG
Diesel
Gasoline
HV is the Core technologies for the 21st Century.
Around 1900
Gasoline
vehicle
Steam EV
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

23. 37sec 23

24. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02
End
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

25. Characteristics of HV Systems
Better
Strong HV
EV Driving
53sec
Motor Asist
Mild HV
Fuel Economy
Regeneration Brake
Idling
Stop
I explain the hybrid today, however hybrid technologies varies from just start and go system to the full hybrid called strong.
Many kind of hybrid are now under development.
Idling Stop
Mild
Strong
Higher
Idling
Stop
Price HV
K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02