1. Title: Biology 12/8/06 Objectives: Class Topics
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Title: Biology 12/8/06
Objectives:
To review for the chapter 5 Test
Class Topics
All chapter 5 corrections are to be handed in before the bell rings
Chapter 5 Test
Begin Chapter 6
“If the children are untaught, their ignorance and vices will in the future life cost us much dearer in their consequences than it would have done in their correction by a good education.”
Thomas Jefferson
Monday, January 14, :04 PM

2. Class Assignments Read 118-129 12/10/06 W.S. 6.1 (DR/Quiz) 12/10/06
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Class Assignments
What
By When
Read /10/06
W.S. 6.1 (DR/Quiz) 12/10/06
W.S. 6.2 (DR/Quiz) 12/12/06
Chapter 6 Quiz 1 12/12/06
Due this class period
Due next class period
Due in the future

3. Grade Sheet 1A – SR p. 61 - 5 pts Measurement W.S. – 10 pts
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Grade Sheet
1A – SR p pts
Measurement W.S. – 10 pts
3A SR p. 42 – 6 pts
4A – SR p. 47 – 5 pts
2A – Measurement W.S. – 10 pts
SR p. 80 – 5 pts

4. Finals Schedule 12/15/06 - 12/21/06 # Revised lunch schedule
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Finals Schedule 12/15/ /21/06
# Revised lunch schedule
Friday the bus leaves at 10:40
Buses run at regular times – Mon, Tues, and Wed
Thursday the bus leaves at 11:00

5. Sets of chromosomes Somatic cells Gametes Fertilization Diploid (2n)
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Sets of chromosomes
Somatic cells
Diploid (2n)
2 sets of chromosomes (46 total)
Homologous pairs
Gametes
Haploid (n)
1 set of chromosomes (23 total)
Sperm and egg
If an organism has haploid number ___ of chromosomes, how many are in a diploid cell?
Fertilization
Two haploid gametes join to form a zygote (2n)
Fertilized egg

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7. Numbers of chromosomes
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Numbers of chromosomes
Karyotype
Table 1 (p. 121)

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9. “Geographer of the Male Genome”
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Chromosomes
23 homologous pairs
22 pairs of autosomes (44 total)
Numbered chromosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes (2 total)
Contain genes to determine gender????
X chromosome – needed, many genes
Y chromosome – genes used to determine male gender
Male XY
Female XX
Father determines gender of child
Sperm contains X or Y chromosome
“Geographer of the Male Genome”

10. Changes in chromosome number
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Changes in chromosome number
Monosomy
Having 1 less chromosome (45)
Autosomes = lethal
Sex = XO – Turner syndrome
YO - lethal
Trisomy
Having 1 more chromosome (47)
Abnormalities occur
Trisomy 21 = Down syndrome
Caused by nondisjunction
failure of chromosomes to separate

11. Down Syndrome Occurs most often in “older” mothers Characteristics
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Down Syndrome
Occurs most often in “older” mothers
+37 years 1 in 290 births
+45 years 1 in 46 births
Characteristics
Short stature, round face, “slanted eyes”, varying degrees of mental capacity
Prenatal testing
Amniocentesis
Chorionic villi testing

12. From: http://www.criduchat.asn.au/criduchat/what.htm#Diagram%201
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Mutation (Handout)
Changes in chromosome structure
Deletion
Cri du chat syndrome
5p deletion
Translocation
14-21
Another cause of Down Syndrome
From:

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14. Cell Cycle G1 - growth and normal cell activity S - Synthesis of DNA
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Cell Cycle
G1 - growth and normal cell activity
G0 – never divides again
S - Synthesis of DNA
DNA replication, Copying DNA, forming chromatids
G2 - Growth for division, organelles double
Mitosis - Division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis - Division of the cytoplasm (cell)
Interphase (longest phase)
G1, S, G2, (G0 as well)

15. Controlling the cell cycle
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Controlling the cell cycle
“Checkpoints”
1. Cell growth (G1)
to begin DNA synthesis
Entry point for G0
2. DNA synthesis (G2)
Checking for errors in DNA
3. Mitosis
Exiting mitosis, beginning of G1
A build up of proteins (cyclins) stimulate the move to next stage

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17. Chapter 6 Quiz 1 Review Matching Multiple choice Short Answer
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Chapter 6 Quiz 1 Review
Matching
Centromere, chromatid, DNA, somatic cell, gamete
Multiple choice
Chromatin, diploid, gene, haploid, prokaryotic cell division
Short Answer
Human chromosome number, pairs of human chromosomes, sex chromosomes
Mutation
Deletion, translocation
Cell cycle labeling

18. Length of cell cycle Ranges from 20 minutes to 20 hours
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Length of cell cycle
Ranges from 20 minutes to 20 hours
Some cells divide constantly and others never divide
Muscle cells
Red Blood cells
Skin cells
Bone cells
Nerve cells

19. Cancer What do you know about cancer? Uncontrolled cell growth
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Cancer
What do you know about cancer?
Uncontrolled cell growth
Cells stop responding to control mechanisms
Read p. 127

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Exploring Further
What causes the damage to genes controlling the cell cycle?
Carcinogens
What do they do?
“Stepping on the Accelerator”
oncogenes
“Releasing the Brakes”
Tumor supressor genes

21. Mitosis A process in which eukaryotic cells form two identical nuclei.
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Mitosis
A process in which eukaryotic cells form two identical nuclei.
Each cell receives a complete set of chromosomes
Karyokinesis
division of the nucleus - actual process of mitosis - not in prokaryotes
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm, true cell division
2 exact replica independent cells
Different in plant and animals

22. Preparation for Mitosis
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Preparation for Mitosis
Formation of spindles
Microtubules and centrioles that move the chromosomes
Centrioles form ‘poles’ (only in animals)
Microtubules of spindle attach to centrioles and centromere of chromosomes

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Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase