1. Exploration and Colonization of the New World

2. Monday August 25, 2015 Warm Up Agenda
Cultural diffusion: the spreading of cultures, cultural traits, or a cultural pattern from a central location.
Using the above definition , list 2-3 things that would be an example of cultural diffusion.
Warm Up
Video Clip: CC
Columbian Exchange
Review Columbian Exchange Chart
Fav. Foods: Where do they come from?

3. The World Pre-Exploration
* The educated European of the middle ages did NOT think the earth was Flat. This was dis-proved by the GREEKS!! It was simply believed that there was a large ocean between Europe in the West and Asia
15th Century construction of the description of the world by Ptolemy, a Roman mathematician

4. Reasons for Exploration
Remember the three “G”s
God
Gold
Glory
God
Much of the religious fervor in Europe spurred a call for more converts to the faith. Countries explored with the purpose of finding more people to follow in their faith. The fear was more of the expansion of Islam. The fear went back to the Crusades against the Muslims in the Middle East.
Gold
Think more “Money”- Exploration was to gain territory with multitudes of natural resources which could then be exploited for the benefit of the mother country. Although “Gold” in this sense does mean wealth, exploring countries did want gold, to use for bullion, or “money”
Merchants sought access to Asian spices (pepper, cinnamon, ginger and nutmeg)- Overland spice routes dangerous and slow, controlled by Muslim merchants. Sought alternative routes
Glory:
- Just like today, countries always want to seem like they are the most powerful and successful. The more land a country was able to claim through exploration, or the more routes that were opened, the bigger they looked in the other countries eyes.

5. Advances in Navigation
The Caravel
The Magnetic
Compass
The Caravel
Narrow shape and steering rudder made it better for ocean travel
Combination of square sails with triangular sales which increased maneuverability
The Magnetic Compass:
First developed in China
The Astrolabe:
Introduced to Europe by Muslims from Spain
Allowed mariners to determine their position in relation to a star’s known location in the sky.
Many of these new innovations were put into use thanks to the efforts of Prince Henry of Portugal, nicknamed “Henry the Navigator” sponsored the efforts of shipbuilders and mapmakers.
The Astrolabe

6. Cultural Diffusion
Cultural Diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group or another. The mixing of world cultures through different ethnicities, religions and nationalities has increased with advanced communication, transportation, and technology.

7. Cultural Confusion/Conflict
New goods/materials
Religion
Roles of men and women
New Goods/Materials
Natives on Caribbean islands grabbed swords by the blade, not understanding that they were sharp
First Indians Cortes allowed aboard a Spanish Ship fainted when cannons were fired.
French explorers choked when smoking Iroquois tobacco, which they thought tasted like “powdered pepper”.
Religion
Natives believed the universe contained friendly and hostile spirits. People interacted with the spirit world. Passed on religious beliefs through oral traditions.
Europeans used to worshiping one God using the Bible. Some European explorers claimed Indians were Devil Worshipers.
Natives often found Christianity confusing and refused to convert
Roles of men and Women:
Europeans assumed that men were naturally superior to women and should dominate them and rule societies.
Many Indian societies were matrilineal, tracing descent through the mothers line. Even if Women were not in charge, they often helped select male chiefs. Some natives saw Europeans as not making good use of their wives, by not making them work in the fields.

8. The Columbian Exchange
Old World to New World
New World to Old World
Diseases
Smallpox, Measles, Chicken Pox Malaria, Yellow Fever, Influenza, The Common Cold
Syphilis
Animals
Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep Goats, Chickens
Turkeys, Llamas, Alpacas, Guinea Pigs
Plants
Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass
Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Guavas Avocados
Diseases
Most catastrophic result of exchange was exposure of Native Americans to Old World Diseases
Epidemics of smallpox, measles, typhus, and influenza sometimes killed half to as much as 90% of native people exposed to them.
Livestock Exchange
Columbus brought horses, sheep, cattle, pigs, and goats on second voyage
Native Americans had few domesticated animals of their own. Mostly dogs, and in the Peruvian Andes Llamas and alpacas
Created opportunities for Natives, but also problems. Livestock populations boomed because there were no natural predators, driving out native mammals.
Horses were at first an advantage for Europeans, but were used by Plains Indians by the 18th century for travel, hunting buffalo, and carrying burdens, and a primary object of trade.
Southwestern tribes began to raise cattle and sheep
Unintentional passengers, such as the black rat, honeybees, and weeds like dandelions.
Plants:
Columbus brought plants and food crops back to Europe, enriching the Old World Diets with new foods.
New Foods contributed better nutrition, thus rising populations in Europe. These large populations crowded the land in Europe, thus encouraging Europeans to leave Europe and travel to the New World.