1. Chapter 14
Human Remains

2. Get into groups of 3 and using a pencil try to fill out the skeleton picture

3. 206 bones

5. Forensic Anthropology
Identifies skeletal
remains where
bones are the
only evidence

6. Assist in investigation of crimes
Responsibilities
Assist in investigation of crimes

7. Examine and analyze human remains

8. Skills used to…
Recover individuals from crime scene

9. Reconstruct remains to analyze effects of trauma

10. Identify human remains
…when conventional methods cannot be used

11. Give expert testimony

12. Why kinds of questions would an anthropologist want to answer when bones are found?

13. Forensic Anthropology
Remains human?
Single individual or several?
When did death occur?
Was the body disturbed post-mortem?
Gender, race, age?
Cause of death?
Type of death?
Signs of disease, old injuries?
Height, weight, physique estimated?

14. What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

15. Functions of the Skeleton:
Internal structure and support
Protection of vital organs
Attachment for muscles
Make blood cells
Storage of minerals

16. Types of bones:
Long (longer than they are wide)
Short (length and width about the same)
Flat
Irregular

17. Which type of bone?

18. Review What type of mortis dealt with body temperature?
What things would cause a body temperature to cool faster?

19. 1. Determining time of death
***Most accurate if body is found within 24 hours of death
Algor mortis; cooling of the body after death
Body cools at approx degrees F per hour until environmental temp is reached.
Researcher must consider factors such as…
Environmental temp.
Type of clothing
Is clothing wet? (aids cooling)
Air movement (aids cooling)
Layers of clothing (prevents cooling)
Surface area/body mass ratio
(small bodies will cool more quickly)
Glaister formula gives
hours elapsed:
98.4 ‘F – internal temp
________________
1.5 ‘F/hr

20. Review
Which type of mortis is described by a discoloration of the skin because of blood pooling?
What type of mortis is described by a stiffening of the muscles?

21. B. Livor mortis; purple or red discoloration of the skin after death, caused by pooling of the blood due to gravity.
Begins .5 hr after death
Most evident within 12 hr.
After 12 hr discoloration will not move regardless of how the body is handled or moved.
Areas in contact with ground (or anything) show no discoloration because???
capillaries are compressed.
C. Rigor mortis; stiffness in skeletal muscles 2-3 hrs after death, lasting until ~30 hrs.
Smaller muscles first. Affected by temp, dehydration, condition of muscles, use prior to death, etc.

22. 2. Animal vs Human Bone
Osteology; the study of bones
Osteons;

25. In animals, these osteons would occur in rows (osteon banding) or rectagular shapes (plexiform bone).
Sheep tibia

26. Human Animal

27. 3. Pelvis Bone Review A B E F C D

28. 3. Sex Determination
Using the pelvis

29. How is the male pelvis different than the female pelvis?

32. Also, the ventral arc and the width of the pubic body
Pg. 418 in text

33. These three bones fuse together to make the
os coxa,
or half of the pelvis.

35. In summary, how are these things different in male vs female?
Pubic angle
Illia
Sacrum tilt
Ventral arc of pubis
Pubic body
Pelvic opening
greater in female, smaller in male
wider in female, closer in male
backward in female, forward in male
present in female, absent in male
wider in female, thinner in male
Larger in female

36. Differences?

37. …using the skull

38. …using the skull

40. In summary, how are these different between male and female?
Overall shape of head
Supraorbital ridges
Chin shape
Orbital border
Muscle attachments under the eye
male larger and thicker
extreme in males, slight in female
male square, female round
male rounded, female sharp
more pronounced in male

41. What bones could be used to estimate height accurately?

42. 4. Estimating Height
…using long bones.
humerus
radius
femur
tibia

43. Since men and women have different proportions of long bone length to total body height, we have a different formula for each sex… (accuracy is + or – 7.5cm
Height (cm)= femur x femur x
tibia x tibia x
humerus x humerus x
radius x radius x

44. 5. Age Determination
Epiphyses; growth plates at the end of long bones that fuse to the bone during early adulthood. (pg 423 of text)

46. Using cranial sutures

48. Sagittal Suture closed: 26 or older 29 or older
Sagittal Suture completely open: Younger than 32 Younger than 35

49. Using the os pubis
Furrows (youngest) Smooth Breakdown of bone (oldest)

50. 6. Determining Race
Caucasoid (European, Middle Eastern, East Indian descent)
Long narrow nasal aperature
Triangular palate
Oval orbits
Narrow zygomatic arches
Narrow mandibles

51. 6. Determining Race Negroid (African, Aboriginal, Melanesian descent)
Wide nasal aperture
Rectangular palate
Square orbits
More pronounced zygomatic arches
Longer long bones with less curvature and denser

52. 6. Determining Race
Mongoloid (Asian, Native American, Polynesian descent)
More rounded nasal aperture
Parabolic palate
Rounded orbits
Wide zygomatic arches
Pointed mandibles

54. History of Forensic Anthropology
End of 19th century
Dr. Thomas Dwight “Father of American ( ) Forensic Anthropology”

55. Dr. Thomas Dwight..
Looked at clues to ID
a person from bones

56. Other leading forensic anthropologists
Dr. George Dorsey
LUETGERT CASE
National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution.

57. Dr. T.D. Stewart Curator from the Smithsonian Institute
Helped ID casualties from WWII and
the Korean War

58. CILHI
Central Identification Laboratory in Hawaii

59. 1. Responsibility
Identify and repatriate American soldiers

60. 2. How remains are analyzed..
Teams travel
to field locations

61. Statistical methods are used
To differentiate remains from those of
the native population

62. The remains are taken to CILHI
Where a biological profile is created
and compared to a database

63. Multidisciplinary approach
TEAM APPROACH

64. Forensic Pathology
Determines cause and manner of death by autopsy