1. Ecology

2. Ecology
Section 3.1
What is Ecology

3. The study of interactions between an organism and its environment
Ecology
The study of interactions between an organism and its environment

4. Two types of environments
ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT
Non living environment a. living environment
B. Example: air, currents b. Example: all living organisms
temperature, light
moisture, soil

5. c. Interactions within nature are based on energy and nutrients

6. Levels of Organization
ORGANISM
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOME
BIOSPHERE

7. ORGANISM
LIVING THINGS THAT ARE MADE OF CELLS, REPRODUCES, RESPONDS, GROWS , USES ENERGY AND DEVELOPS

8. POPULATION
A GROUP OF ORGANISMS THAT ARE OF THE SAME SPECIES AND LIVE TOGETHER IN THE SAME PLACE AT THE SAME TIME

9. COMMUNITY
DIFFERENT POPULATIONS OF SPECIES THAT LIVE IN THE SAME PLACE AT THE SAME TIME

10. ECOSYSTEM
POPULATIONS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS THAT INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER AND LIVE TOGETHER

11. ECOSYSTEMS THERE ARE 2 MAIN TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS TERRESTRIAL AQUATIC
FORREST a. POND
YARD b. LAKE
VOLCANO SITE c. STREAM
ROTTING LOG d. OCEAN
GARDEN e. AQUARIUM

12. BIOME
A GROUP OF ECOSYSTEMS THAT SHARE SIMILAR CLIMATES AND TYPICAL ORGANISMS

13. BIOSHPERE
THE PORTION OF EARTH THAT SUPPORTS LIFE

14. Energy, producers, and consumers
Ecology
Section 3.2
Energy, producers, and consumers

15. PRIMARY PRODUCERS
Primary producers are the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms
Examples are Autotrophs such as, algae, certain bacteria and plants

16. Autotrophs
ORGANISMS THAT PRODUCE THEIR OWN FOOD BY USING SOLAR OR CHEMICAL ENERGY
, USUALLY THROUGH PHOTOSYNTHESIS
THESE ORGANISMS ARE CONSIDERED PRODUCERS

17. CHEMOSYNTHESIS CHEMICAL ENERGY IS USED TO PRODUCE CARBOHYDRARES
OCCURS IN DEEP SEA ECOSYSTEMS WHERE THERE IS NO LIGHT.
THESE ORGANISMS ARE CONSIDERED PRODUCERS AND CONTAIN CHEMICAL ENERGY FROM INORGANIC MOLECULES

18. CONSUMERS
Consumers obtain their energy from other food sources. This can be obtained through absorption, decomposition, or consumption
Examples are Heterotrophs such as, animals, fungi, and many bacteria

19. HETEROTROPHS ORGANISMS THAT GET THEIR FOOD FROM OTHER RESOURCES
THESE ORGANISMS ARE CONSIDERED CONSUMERS

20. 5 TYPES OF FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
HERBIVORES
CARNIVORES
OMNIVORES
SCAVENGERS
DECOMPOSERS

21. HERBIVORES
ORGANISMS THAT EAT PLANTS

22. CARNIVORES
ORGANISMS THAT EAT MEAT

23. OMNIVORES
ORGANISMS THAT EAT BOTH PLANTS AND MEAT

24. SCAVENGERS
ORGANISMS THAT FEED ON DEAD OR DECAYING ANIMALS

25. DECOMPOSERS
ORGANISMS THAT BREAKDOWN DEAD ORGANISMS

26. Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Ecology
Section 3.3
Energy Flow in Ecosystems

27. ENERGY & MATTER TRAVEL THROUGH THE ECOSYSTEM
THERE ARE TWO MODELS THAT SHOW HOW ENERGY FLOW THROUGH A SYSTEM
FOOD CHAIN
FOOD WEB
Energy flows in a one-way stream, from primary producers to various consumers

28. SHOWS HOW ENERGY MOVES IN A CERTAIN ORDER
A. FOOD CHAIN
SHOWS HOW ENERGY MOVES IN A CERTAIN ORDER
ORDER: AUTOTROPH---HETEROTROPH--DECOMPOSERS

30. FOOD CHAIN
IN SOME AQUATIC FOOD CHAINS, PRIMARY PRODUCERS ARE A MIXTURE OF FLOATING ALGAE CALLED PHYTOPLANKTON.

31. SHOWS ALL POSSIBLE FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
B. FOOD WEB
SHOWS ALL POSSIBLE FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS

33. FOOD WEB
Decomposers and detrivores (organisms that digest decomposers that live on and in detrius particles (decaying remains) can release nutrients that can be used by primary producers.
Example; mites, snails, shrimp, and crabs

34. FOOD WEB DISTURBANCES
ZOOPLANKTON- SMALL ORGANISMS THAT FEED ON MARINE ALGAE.
These organisms are diminishing, as a result of their habitat being compromised by the melting of sea ice caps.
How does the decrease in zooplankton affect the food web?

35. TROPHIC LEVELS
Each step in the food chain or web is called A TROPHIC LEVEL

36. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
Shows amount of energy or matter within each trophic level.
THERE ARE 3 PYRAMIDS
ENERGY PYRAMID
NUMBER PYRAMID
BIOMASS PYRAMID

37. ENERGY PYRAMID
REPRESENTS THE ENERGY THAT IS AVAILABLE WITHIN A TROPHIC LEVEL
EACH STEP DECREASES THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY BY 10 %
Energy transfers through trophic levels, in increments of 10 percent
Energy is stored in the organisms in the next level
The remaining energy is released into the environment

38. BIOMASS PYRAMID
BIOMASS- Amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.
REPRESENTS THE AMOUNT OF LIVING ORGANIC MATTER AVAILABLE AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL IN AN ECOSYSTEM
1000
500
100 50 25

39. NUMBER PYRAMID
SHOWS HOW EACH LEVEL REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF ORGANISMS AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL IN AN ECOSYSTEM
300 50 10 5

40. Ecology
Section 3.4
Cycles of Matter

41. RECYCLING IN THE BIOSPHERE
Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter recycled within and between ecosystems.
Elements pass from organisms to another through closed loops called the biogeochemical cycles.
Biochemical cycles are powered by the flow of energy
Matter- anything that has mass and occupy space. Typically atoms and particles

42. RECYCLING IN THE BIOSPHERE
Cycles of matter involve:
Biological process
Activities performed by living organisms (eating, breathing, “burning” food, and eliminating waste)
Geological processes
Volcanic eruptions, formation and breakdown of rock, movements of matter within and below Earth’s surface.
Chemical processes
Formation clouds, precipitation, flow of running water, lightning

43. RECYCLING IN THE BIOSPHERE
Human Activity that affect the cycles of matter:
mining
Burning of fossil fuels
Clearing of land (building, farming)
Burning of forests
Manufacture and use of fertilizers

44. CYCLES OF NATURE
THERE ARE 4 CYCLES THAT NATURE GOES THROUGH TO KEEP OUR BIOSHPERE IN LIVABLE CONDITIONS
WATER CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
NITROGEN CYCLE

45. WATER CYCLE
Water continuously moves between the oceans, the atmosphere, and land- sometimes outside living organisms and sometimes inside them
This cycle is made up of a few main parts:
Water molecules enter the atmosphere as water vapors
evaporation (transpiration)
condensation (form clouds from water
droplets)
precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail
groundwater, runoffs)
collection (plant roots, reservoirs)

46. CARBON CYCLE ORGANISMS USE CARBON FOR GROWTH AND ENERGY.
Carbon dioxide is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean (chemical and physical processes)
Uses of carbon:
Plants( photosynthesis-make carbohydrates)
Consumers( eat plants, combine CO2 w/ calcium
and oxygen to build skeletons)
Organisms release carbon dioxide(respiration)
Decomposers(release CO2 in the atmosphere
When they breakdown organisms

47. NITROGEN CYLCE Most abundant
Organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids(form DNA/RNA)
N2 = make up 78% Earth’s atmosphere
Found in soil, waste products, decaying matter
Ammonia NH3
Nitrate ions NO3-
Nitrite ions NO2-
Ocean- Nitrogen is dissolved
Bacteria
- turn into ammonia (nitrogen fixation)
Turn nitrates into gas released in the
atmosphere ( denitrification)

48. NITROGEN CYLCE
Atmospheric nitrogen fixation- lightning converts little nitrogen into usable forms.
Human contribution to the nitrogen cycle:
Manufacturing and fertilizer.

49. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Essential to living organisms Form DNA/RNA
Not abundant in biosphere
Forms inorganic phosphate
Remains on land
Phosphoric rock
Soil minerals
Oceans
- Dissolved phosphate sediments

50. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Rocks/sediments breakdown and phosphate is released.
land( soil)
Food web (producer-consumer- ecosystem)
Washes into rivers, streams

51. Ecology
Need to Know

52. WHERE AN ORGANISM LIVES OUT ITS LIFE
HABITAT
WHERE AN ORGANISM LIVES OUT ITS LIFE

53. NICHE
ALL STRATAGIES A ANIMAL USES TO FIND FOOD AND SHELTER. HOW THE ORGANISM SURVIVES

54. SURVIVAL RELATIONSHIPS
SYMBIOSIS: THE CLOSE & PERMINANT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT SPECIES
EXAMPLE:
BIRDS USUALLY EAT WORMS
CATS USUALLY EAT MICE
SHARKS USUALLY EAT SMALLER FISH

55. TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS MUTUALISM COMMENULISM PARASITISM
THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF SURVIVAL RELATINSHIPS
MUTUALISM
COMMENULISM
PARASITISM

56. MUTUALISM
A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP WHERE BOTH SPECIES BENEFIT FROM EACH OTHER

57. COMMENSALISM
A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP WHERE SPECIES A BENEFITS AND THE SPECIES B IS NOT HARMED OR BENEFITS FROM SPECIES A

58. PARASITISM
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP WHERE A MEMBER OF ONE SPECIES BENEFITS FROM ANOTHER SPECIES BY HARMING IT