1. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

2. What you need to know:
The taxonomic categories and how they indicate relatedness.
How systematics is used to develop phylogenetic trees.
The three domains of life including their similarities and their differences.

3. (evolutionary history)
Systematics: classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
Taxonomy
(classification)
Systematics
Phylogenetics
(evolutionary history)

4. Tools used to determine evolutionary relationships: Fossils
Morphology (homologous structures)
Molecular evidence (DNA, amino acids)
Who is more closely related?
Animals and fungi are more closely related than either is to plants.

5. Taxonomy: science of classifying and naming organisms
Binomial nomenclature (Genus species)
Naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus.

6. Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
Taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc
REMEMBER!!
Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
Dear King Philip Crossed Over Five Great Seas
Dear King Philip Came Over From Germany Singing
Your own???

7. Phylogenetic Tree
Branching diagram that shows evolutionary history of a group of organisms

8. Cladogram: diagram that depicts patterns of shared characteristics among taxa
Clade = A clade is a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor.
Shared derived characteristics are used to construct cladograms
Taxa- category of organisms
Turtle
Leopard
Hair
Amniotic egg
Four walking legs
Hinged jaws
Vertebral column
Salamander
Tuna
Lamprey
Lancelet (outgroup)
Cladogram

9. a taxon is always most closely related to its
The earliest diverging group within a clade
A division into many members

10. Monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups
A monophyletic taxon is defined as one that includes the most recent common ancestor of a group of organisms, and all of its descendents
A paraphyletic taxon as one that includes the most recent common ancestor, but not all of its descendents
A polyphyletic taxon is defined as one that does not include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon

11. Constructing a phylogenetic tree
Taxon by character matrix table
A 0 indicates a character is absent; a 1 indicates that a character is present.

12. Branch lengths can represent genetic change

13. Branch lengths can indicate time

14. Various tree layouts
Circular (rooted) tree
Unrooted tree
Rooted tree

15. Tree of Life
3 Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya