1. Dyspnoea: underlying mechanisms and treatment
T. Nishino 
British Journal of Anaesthesia 
Volume 106, Issue 4, Pages (April 2011)
DOI: /bja/aer040
Copyright © 2011 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Schematic illustration of ascending pathways, subcortical structures, and cerebral cortical structures involved in processing of dyspnoea and pain. ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; AMYG, amygdala; CB, cerebellum; MDT, medial dorsal thalamus; MO, medulla oblongata; M1, primary motor cortex; PAG, periaqueductal grey; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; PFC, prefrontal cortex; SMA, supplementary motor cortex; S1, primary somatosensory cortex; S2, secondary somatosensory cortex; VPT, ventroposterior thalamus.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aer040)
Copyright © 2011 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
Motor command–afferent mismatch. Dyspnoea is the result of a dissociation between amplitudes of the central efferent discharge (motor output) and afferent sensory inputs (feedback) from peripheral mechanoreceptors.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aer040)
Copyright © 2011 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

4. Fig 3
Schematic of DNIC. PAG, periaqueductal grey; RM, rostral medulla; PN, projection neurone; PAF, primary afferent fibre. A thick broken line indicates the neural pathway for counterirritation.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aer040)
Copyright © 2011 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions