2. Exploring Traits

3. Exploring Traits Trait Describing rather than explaining
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

4. Exploring Traits Factor Analysis
Eysenck and Eysenck
Extroversion versus introversion
Emotional stability versus instability
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

5. Exploring Traits Factor Analysis

6. Exploring Traits Factor Analysis

7. Exploring Traits Factor Analysis

8. Exploring Traits Factor Analysis

9. Exploring Traits Factor Analysis

10. Exploring Traits Biology and Personality
Brain scans
Brain arousal
Genetics
Autonomic nervous system reactivity

11. Assessing Traits

12. Assessing Traits Personality inventory
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Empirically derived test
Objective test
Lie scale

13. The Big Five Factors

14. The Big Five Factors The Big Five Conscientiousness Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Emotional stability vs instability
Openness
Extraversion

31. Evaluating Trait Theories

32. Evaluating Trait Theories The Person-Situation Controversy
Are traits consistent?
Can traits predict behavior?

33. Module 59: Social-Cognitive Theories and Exploring the Self

35. Social-Cognitive Theories

36. Social-Cognitive Theories
Social-cognitive perspective
behavioral approach

37. Social-Cognitive Theories Reciprocal Influences
Reciprocal determinism

38. Social-Cognitive Theories Reciprocal Influences
Ways individuals and the environment interact
Different people choose different environments
Out personalities shape how we interpret and react to events
Our personality help create situations to which we react

39. Social-Cognitive Theories Optimism versus Pessimism
Optimism and Health
Excessive Optimism
Blindness to one’s own incompetence
Positive psychology

40. Social-Cognitive Theories Assessing Behavior in Situations
US Army spy training
Business use of simulations

41. Social-Cognitive Theories Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories
Based on research
Focuses too much on the situation

42. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

43. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

44. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

45. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

46. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

47. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

48. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

49. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

50. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

51. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

52. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

53. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

54. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

55. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

56. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

57. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

58. Comparing the Major Personality Theories

85. Exploring the Self

86. Exploring the Self
Self
Possible selves
Spotlight effect

87. Exploring the Self The Benefits of Self-Esteem
Self-efficacy

88. Exploring the Self Self-Serving Bias
People accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, successes than failures
Most people see themselves as better than average
Defensive self-esteem
Narcissism

89. Exploring the Self Culture and the Self
Individualism
Collectivism

90. Exploring the Self Culture and the Self

91. Trait
= a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

92. Personality Inventory
= a questionnaire (often true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

93. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
= the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

94. Empirically Derived Test
= a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

95. Social-Cognitive Perspective
= views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

96. Behavioral Approach
= in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development.

97. Reciprocal Determinism
= the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

98. Positive Psychology
= the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

99. Self
= in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

100. Spotlight Effect
= overestimating other’s noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

101. Self-Esteem
= one’s feelings of high or low self-worth.

102. Self-Efficacy
= one’s sense of competence and effectiveness.

103. Self-Serving Bias
= a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

104. Narcissism
= excessive self-love and self-absorption.

105. Individualism
= giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

106. Collectivism
= giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.