1. 13 Families and Religion Chad Baker/Jason Reed/Ryan McVay/Getty Images
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2. Chapter Outline Defining the Family Sociological Theory and Families
Diversity among Contemporary American Families
Marriage and Divorce
Family Violence
Changing Families in a Changing Society
Families and Social Policy
Defining Religion
The Significance of Religion in the United States
Sociological Theories of Religion
Diversity and Religious Belief
Religious Organizations
Religion and Social Change
Family diversity is the norm in American society, with no one type of family shaping people’s experience.
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3. Defining the Family (slide 1 of 2)
The family is:
A primary group of people connected by blood, marriage, or adoption, in a cooperative economic unit to care for offspring and each other. They are committed to maintaining the group over time.
A kinship system: pattern of relationships that define people’s relationships to one another within a family.
Kinship systems vary enormously across cultures and over time.
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4. Defining the Family (slide 2 of 2)
Polygamy - the practice of men or women having multiple marriage partners.
polygyny: 1 man, 2+ women
polyandry: 1 woman, 2+ men
Monogamy: a sexually exclusive marriage with one spouse at a time.
Patrilineal kinship systems trace descent through the father.
Matrilineal kinship systems, through the mother.
Bilateral kinship traces descent through both.
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5. Extended Families
Extended families: the whole network of parents, children, and other relatives who form a family unit.
sometimes extended families live together, sharing their labor and economic resources
in some contexts, “kin” are not related by blood or marriage
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6. Nuclear Families
Nuclear family: married couple together with their children.
Nuclear families develop in response to economic and social conditions.
The origin of the nuclear family in Western society is tied to industrialization.
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7. Diversity among Families (slide 1 of 4)
Family is one of the most rapidly changing of all institutions.
There is no static or natural form for the family. Changes in families are social facts.
Families today are smaller than in the past. There are fewer births, and they are more closely spaced.
Childbearing and child rearing now occupy a smaller fraction of parents’ adult life.
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8. Diversity among Families (slide 2 of 4)
Demographic & structural changes create diversity in family forms.
Married couples now make up a smaller proportion of households.
Single-parent, divorced and never-married households have increased.
Female-headed households one of the greatest changes in families.
One-quarter of all children live with one parent.
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9. Diversity among Families (slide 3 of 4)
Married-couple families:
The percentage of women in married-couple families who work has increased.
Commuter marriages: one partner in a dual- career couple resides in a different city because of work.
Stepfamilies are now fairly common in the United States.
Supreme Court decision legalized same-sex marriages in all 50 states.
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10. Diversity among Families (slide 4 of 4)
Single people make up half of the population
including those never married or are widowed, divorced, or separated
Among singles, patterns of establishing relationships have changed significantly. 17
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11. Marriage and Divorce (slide 1 of 4)
The United States has the highest rate of marriage of any Western industrialized nation, as well as a high divorce rate.
Gender roles are a significant reality of family life
roles shape power dynamics within marriage
Gender roles can affect allocation of work, the degree of marital happiness, and the amount of leisure time each partner has.
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12. Marriage and Divorce (slide 2 of 4)
Women do far more work in the home and have less leisure time than men.
Second shift – refers to women’s housework after working all day in a paid job
Sociologists have now even identified a third shift of women’s work: the greater amount of help that women (compared to men) give to family and friends
Men do more housework than in the past, but only slightly more
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13. Marriage and Divorce (slide 3 of 4)
Marriage statistics can be misleading:
The marriage rate = number of marriages formed in a year
This does not include the number of continuing marriages.
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14. Marriage and Divorce (slide 4 of 4)
Factors contributing to high U.S. divorce rate:
Demographic changes
Individualism is a U.S. cultural norm; high value placed on a person’s satisfaction within marriage
Changes in women’s roles also are related to the rate of divorce.
Women are less financially dependent on husbands.
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15. Family Violence (slide 1 of 2)
33% of women will be raped, physically assaulted, or stalked by an intimate partner in their lifetimes.
Women who experience violence are also twice as likely as men to be injured.
Violence is usually accompanied by emotionally abusive and controlling behavior.
Women’s relative powerlessness in the family is at the root of the high rates of violence against women.
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16. Family Violence (slide 2 of 2)
Child abuse:
Child abuse is behavior that puts children at risk and may include physical violence and neglect.
The most common forms of child abuse are:
neglect (majority of reports)
physical abuse
sexual abuse
Incest is a particular form of child abuse involving sexual relations between people who are closely related.
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17. Families and Social Policy
Balancing work and family is a major challenge.
Difficult to take time to care for new children, or care for elderly parents
People feel pulled in multiple directions, trying to find time to get everything done
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18. Elder Care
The proportion of elderly people is growing faster than the number of younger potential caretakers.
Elder care becomes a greater and greater need with longer life expectancy
Family members provide almost all long-term care for the elderly—work that is often taken for granted.
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19. Defining Religion
Religion: an institutionalized system of symbols, beliefs, values, and practices by which a group of people interprets and responds to what they feel is sacred and that provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning.
Religious spirituality takes many forms but produces feelings of awe and reverence among believers, as in this Orthodox Christian baptism and this Jain ceremony of soaking in vermillion in recognition of a sacred tradition.
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20. The Significance of Religion
The U.S. is one of the world’s most religious societies.
2/3 think religion can solve all or most of society’s problems
80% say they depend on God to make decisions in their daily lives
60% think God has set the course of their lives
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21. Measuring Religious Faith
Religiosity: the intensity & consistency of practice of faith.
Measured by asking people about their religious beliefs, and by measuring members in religious organizations and attendance at religious services.
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22. Diversity and Religious Belief
The world is marked by diverse religious beliefs.
Christianity has the largest membership, followed by Islam.
Hindus, Jews, Confucianists, Buddhists, and observers of folk religions also comprise the world’s religions.
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23. The Influence of Race and Ethnicity (slide 1 of 2)
Race is one of the most significant indicators of religious orientation.
African Americans are much more likely than Whites, Hispanics, or Asian Americans to say that religion is very important in their lives.
Hinduism and Buddhism are common among Asians, but so is Christianity.
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24. The Influence of Race and Ethnicity (slide 2 of 2)
Muslims are a growing segment of U.S. society;
2/3 of Muslims are immigrants, but a substantial portion are native born.
Muslim Americans are actually more liberal than the general public—for example, they are more likely to vote Democratic.
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25. Religious Organizations
Churches are seen by society as the primary and legitimate religious institutions.
Sects have broken off from an established church.
Cults are religious groups devoted to a specific cause or charismatic leader.
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26. Chapter Summary (slide 1 of 2)
How are different kinship systems defined?
What does sociological theory contribute to our understanding of families?
What changes characterize the diversity in contemporary families?
Is marriage declining?
Why is family violence such a problem?
What major changes are affecting contemporary families?
What are the elements of a religion?
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27. Chapter Summary (slide 2 of 2)
How do sociologists measure the significance of religion for people, and what forms does religion take?
How do the different sociological theories analyze religion?
What diversity exists in religious faith and practice?
How is a religion organized?
How has religion been affected by social change?
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28. Question 1
The family is an established system that persists yet changes over time. These types of systems that fulfill the basic needs of society are called _____.
kinship groups
social institutions
social networks
primary groups
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29. Answer 1 B. social institutions
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30. Question 2
______ are formal organizations that tend to see themselves, and are seen by society, as the primary and legitimate religious institutions.
Churches
Sects
Cults
None of the above.
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31. Answer 2
A. Churches
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32. Question 3
The term _____ refers to the work performed at home by women who work all day in paid employment.
second shift
double burden
domestic duties
mother’s job
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33. Answer 3
A. second shift
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