1. Unit 4: Manifest Destiny and Mexican-American War
A Professional Army

2. Bellwork
Review with a partner the limitations and challenges experienced by the use of militia
Write down your limitations in your notes

3. Training of Soldiers U.S. Military Academy 1st branch schools in US
Train motivated officers
New officer corps
Made up of veterans (increased sense of identification as professionals)

4. Organizing an Army
William H. Crawford, Secretary of War,

5. Changes Under Crawford
General Staff- a group of officers who assist a commander of a division or larger by disseminating his policies, transmitting orders, and overseeing their execution
Pushed for retention of General Staff
Add Quartermaster General to management staff in Washington
Increase Corps of Engineers
Special Staff- all staff officers who have duties not included in the general or personal staff group. Ex. Anti-aircraft officer, transportation, technical specialists
Changes Under Crawford

6. Changes Under Congress
Formation of efficient peacetime army by Congress
10,000 men + Engineer Corp vs. 3,220 under Jefferson
Organization
Two divisions
Southern (5 territorial departments) commanded by Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson
Northern (4 territorial departments) commanded by Maj. Gen. Jacob Brown

7. Changes Under Congress
~$800k for coastal protection
$115k for buildings at West Point
$22k for books, maps, and instruments
Expanded curriculum at West Point

8. Changes Under Congress
Some changes never occurred
No attempt to revise regulations on militia training
Most department branches kept (though with more staff)
1820s- Some changes redacted
Army size decreased to 8,000
New Secretary of War
John C. Calhoun

9. 1st Seminole War
British convince Creeks (“Red Sticks”) that the Treaty of Ghent returned their land to them
NAs attack settlement in Georgia and supply ship in Apalachicola Bay
December Jackson sent to Fort Hawkins ahead of his troops
Contractor meant to supply men failed to procure supplies
Jackson orders further stores from New Orleans

10. 1st Seminole War
Main objective: Indian settlement on the Suwannee River
Jackson builds Ft. Gadsden and takes Spanish Ft. St. Marks for the sake of resupply
Supply lines delay Jackson’s main force until April 11
Natives able to escape settlement before Jackson arrived
Jackson instead seizes Penascola

11. 1st Seminole War Breakdown of supply system most significant aspect
Jackson devoted all efforts to supplying troops
Failure of civilian contractors
Army develops a Subsistence Department
Also, deal with Spain gives the US Florida in Feb. 1819

12. Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident, 1818

13. Changes Under Calhoun The Expansible Army
Reduction Act (1821)- army size cut in half (5,500); officer corp cut by 1/5
General Brown only remaining Maj. Gen.
Allows Army to expand further while approaching war
North/South Divisions replaced with East/West
General Brown chosen to become the Commanding General of the Army (lacking during War of 1812)
John C. Calhoun

14. Changes Under Calhoun Other changes
General Recruiting Service formed; enlisted 67% more men than regiment did
New manual of infantry tactics (authored by Gen. Winfield Scott)
1st commissioned Surgeon General
Daily weather reports required
Emphasis on coastal fortifications and heavy artillery
John C. Calhoun

15. First complete artillery system
Three categories
Field
Siege and Garrison
Seacoast
Stock-trail carriage created and used for cannons

16. US Military Academy Vital in maintaining professional officers
Bvt Maj. Sylvanus Taylor sent to Europe to study foreign military schools
Military education enhanced
Improved curriculum
(1824)- Artillery School at Ft. Monroe; first specialist schools
(1826)- Infantry School of Practice
Bvt Maj. Sylvanus Taylor,
Father of the Military Academy

17. Exit Ticket
What changes to the military could be said to have improved logistics before and after the 1st Seminole War? How was logistics improved?

18. 2nd Seminole War, 1835-1842 Dade Massacre (1835)
Differences between two conflicts
Failure of transportation, not supplies
Troublesome commanders (General Scott and General Gaines)
Alienation of locals
Scott vs. Jesup
Battle of Okeechobee
New tactics