1. Expository Writing
Communication 1

2. A paragraph is a group of sentences that work together to develop a unit of thought.
Paragraphing permits writers to divide material into manageable parts. When a group of paragraphs works together in logical sequence, the result is a complete essay or other whole piece of writing.
An introductory paragraph leads the reader to sense what’s ahead. It sets the stage. It also, if possible, attempts to arouse a reader’s interest the topic.

3. A thesis statement is the central message of an essay
A thesis statement is the central message of an essay. It’s the essay’s main idea. As a writer, you want to write a thesis statement with great care so that it prepares your readers for what follows in the essay. This means that your thesis statement has to reflect with some accuracy the content of your essay.

4. To start, make an assertion-a sentence stating your topic and the point you want to make about it. This assertion focuses your thinking as you develop a preliminary thesis statement. Next, move toward a final thesis statement that most accurately reflects the content of your essay.

5. Introductory paragraphs- Strategies to Use.
Providing relevant background information.
Relating briefly an interesting story or anecdote
Giving one or more pertinent-perhaps surprising statistics
Asking one or more provocative questions
Using an appropriate quotation
Defining a key term
Presenting one or more brief examples
Drawing an analogy

6. Strategies to avoid
Don’t write statements about your purpose, such as “I am going to discuss the causes of falling prices.”
Don’t apologize, as in “I am not sure this is right, but this is my opinion.”
Don’t use overworked expressions, such as “Haste makes waste, as I recently discovered” or “Love is grand.”
Always integrate an introductory device into the paragraph so that it leads smoothly into the thesis statement.

7. Each body paragraph, which belongs between an introductory paragraph and a concluding paragraph, consists of a main idea and support for that idea. To be effective a body paragraph needs three characteristics: unity, development, and coherence.
Unity: Have you made a clear connection between the main idea of the paragraph and the sentences that support the main idea?
Development: Have you included detailed and sufficient support for the main idea of the paragraph?

8. Coherence: Have you progressed from one sentence to the next in the paragraph smoothly and logically?

9. You develop a body paragraph by supplying detailed support for the main idea of the paragraph communicated by your topic sentence (contains the main idea of a paragraph and controls its content) whether stated or implied. Paragraph development is not merely a repetition, using other words, of the main idea. When it is happening you’re merely going around in circles.

10. What separates good writings from bad is that writer’s ability to move back and forth between main ideas and specific details. To check whether you are providing sufficient detail in a body paragraph, use the RENNS test.
R-Reasons provide support
E=Examples provide support
N=names provide support
N=Numbers provide support
S=Senses-sight, sound, smell, taste, touch-provide support

11. How can I write coherent paragraphs?
A paragraph has coherence when its sentences relate to each other, not only in content but also in choice of words and grammatical structures. A coherent paragraph conveys continuity because the sentences follow naturally from one to the next.
Techniques for achieving coherence
1) Use appropriate transitional expressions.
2) Use pronouns when possible
3) Use deliberate repetition of a keyword.

12. 4) Use parallel structures.
5) Using coherence techniques to create connections between paragraphs.

13. What are transitional expressions?
These are words or phrases that signal connections among ideas. Transitions are bridges that lead your reader along your line of thought. They offer cues about what follows.
Transitional expressions and the relationships they signal.
Addition= also, in addition to, too, moreover, and, besides, furthermore, equally important, then, finally
Example= for example, for instance, thus, as an illustration, namely specifically

14. Contrast= but, yet, however, nonetheless, conversely, in contrast, still, at the same time, on the one hand, on the other hand.
Comparison= similarly, likewise, in the same way
Concession= of course,, to be sure, certainly, granted
Result= therefore, thus, as a result, so, accordingly
Summary= hence, in short, in brief, in summary, in conclusion, finally

15. Time= first, second, third, next, then, finally, afterward, before, soon, later, meanwhile, subsequently, immediately, eventually, currently
Place= in the front, in the foreground, in the back, in the background, at the side, adjacent, nearby, in the distance, here, there

16. Exercise:
Use RENNS and techniques for achieving coherence to develop one of the following topic sentences into paragraphs. When finished, list the RENNS and the coherence techniques you used in each paragraph.
Dramas on television tend to have several common elements.
B) Part-time jobs can be very unappealing.
C) Time management is a lifesaver for college students.

17. How can I arrange a paragraph?
By time-In a paragraph arranged according to time, or chronological order, events are presented in whatever order they took place.
By location-A paragraph arranged according to location, or spatial order, leads the reader’s attention from one place to another. The movement can be in any direction-from top to bottom, left to right, inside to outside, and so on.

18. Arranging from general to specific-The most common pattern for arranging information is from general to specific. Typically, the general statement is the topic sentence, and the supporting details explain the specifics.
Arranging from specific to general- A less common paragraph arrangement moves from specific to general. To achieve the greatest impact, the paragraph starts with details that support the topic sentence, which ends the paragraph.

19. Arranging from the least to most important-A paragraph arranged from least to most important uses climatic order, which means that the high point- the climax- comes at the end. For a paragraph to be arranged from least to most important, it has to have at least three items: least, better, best. And remember that the last item always packs the greatest impact and is the most memorable.

20. Arranging from problem to solution-In some cases, an effective arrangement for a paragraph is problem to solution. Usually, the topic sentence presents the problem. Then, the rest of the paragraph covers the specifics of the solution.

21. What are effective concluding paragraphs?
A concluding paragraph ends the discussion smoothly by following logically from the essay’s introductory paragraph and the essay’s body paragraphs. Always integrate a concluding device into the final paragraph so that the discussion does not end abruptly. A conclusion that is hurriedly tacked on is a missed opportunity to provide a sense of completion and a finishing touch that adds to the whole essay.

22. Strategies for concluding paragraphs
An analogy that summarizes the thesis statement
a summary of the main points, but only if the piece of writing longer than three to four pages
A statement that urges awareness by the readers.
A statement that looks ahead to the future.
A call to readers

23. Strategies to avoid
Introducing new ideas or facts that belong in the body of the essay
Rewording your introduction
Announcing what you’ve discussed, as in “In this paper, I have explained why oil prices have dropped.”
Making absolute claims, as in “I have proved that oil prices don’t always affect gasoline prices.”
Apologizing, as in “Even though I’m not an expert, I feel my position is correct.”