1. Classification

2. Classification System
There are 13 billion known species of organisms; only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!!
Classification systems are how we organize organisms.
The classification of organisms has changed and evolved over the years due to new knowledge
Greater understanding of evolutionary relationships, thanks to DNA technology, has allowed for more detailed classification

3. What is Classification?
Taxonomy is the study of classifying organisms and giving them a universally accepted name
Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities
Aristotle developed one of the earliest classification systems
Divided things as either plants or animals
Divided animals by their ability to swim, fly, or walk

4. Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 Called the “Father of Taxonomy”
Classified organisms by their structure
Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature
Two-word name (Genus & species)

5. Scientific Name
The scientific name of an organism is the Genus and Species of an organism
Always written in italics
Genus name is capitalized and the second word is all lowercase
The names are usually Latinized
Ursus arctos = the grizzly bear
Ursus is the genus name and means “bear.”
Ursus maritimus is the polar bear (maritime refers to the sea)

6. Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?

7. Species Group of the same organisms Live together
Mate and produce viable offspring
Only species are able to interbreed. Organisms of two different species normally will not breed.
Sometimes, organisms within the same genus are able to interbreed, but the offspring are not viable .
Example: Mules; Ligers

8. Classification
The classification of organisms begins with the largest groupings and moves down to the smallest (domain species)
The classification order is as follows:
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Easy way to remember: King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup!!!

9. Phylogenetic Trees
Shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms
Can show which organisms are more closely related than other organisms

10. Common ancestor of wolf
and domestic dog
Common ancestor of wolf,
domestic dog, otter and
skunk

11. Phylogenetic Trees Which organism is more closely related to the bear?
Which organism is the chimpanzee more closely related to: Lizard or sunfish? Why?

12. Dichotomous Key Used to identify organisms
Characteristics given in pairs
Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

13. Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 5
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4
3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

14. Cladogram
Shows relationships up-close; characteristics they share

15. Which two organisms are most closely related?
What trait do lizards have that salamanders don’t?

16. Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains
Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)
Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

17. Classification of Living Things
Domains
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
CELL TYPE
CELL STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF CELLS
MODE OF NUTRITION
EXAMPLES
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph
Streptococcus, Escherichia coli
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
Methanogens, halophiles
Protista
Eukaryote
Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular
Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp
Fungi
Cell walls of chitin
Most multicellular; some unicellular
Heterotroph
Mushrooms, yeasts
Plantae
Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts
Multicellular
Autotroph
Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia
No cell walls or chloroplasts
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
Eukarya
Classification of Living Things

18. Archaean Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments
Found in:
Sewage Treatment Plants
Thermal or Volcanic Vents
Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid
Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake)

19. EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE
Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones
Important decomposers for environment
Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

20. Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae…)
Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
Plantae (multicellular plants)
Animalia (multicellular animals)

21. Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular
Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic
Aquatic

22. Fungi Kingdom Eukaryotes Use spores to reproduce
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)
Need warm, moist places to grow
Examples: yeast, molds, mildew, and mushrooms

23. Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic
Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis
Cell walls made of cellulose
Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development.
Development involves many stages from conception until death.

24. Reproduction in Fungi
When there is plenty of moisture, fungi reproduce asexually by releasing spores.
When conditions are not good, they reproduce sexually.

25. Taxonomy
Plants are divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of vascular system
Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used
Vascular Bundles

27. Animalia Multicellular
Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)
Feed on plants or animals