1. THE PAST TENSES: PERFECTUM and PLUSQUAMPERFECTUM
“Nero magnam domun in Palatino AEDIFICAVIT”

2. HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF A VERB IN A VERB FORMULATION
VERB FORMULATION as it appears in dictionaries:
ROOTS:
AMO/AMAS AMARE AMAVI
1. 1st and 2nd persons singular
2. INFINITIVE
3. PERFECT ROOT
ROOT: we take out –re and we get the root:
ROOT:
AM-a
AM-A-RE (1st Conjugation)
-ERE (2nd Conjugation)
-IRE (3rd Conjugation)
ROOT: we take out –I, the ending of the 1st person:
WE FORM :
THE PRESENT: am-o, ama-s, ama-t…..
AMAV-
THE SIMPLE PAST: ama-ba-m,

3. THE PERFECTUM AND PLUSQUAMPERFECTUM: ENDINGS AND SUFFIXES
The PERFECTUM root is usually different from the present root. COMPARE:
AM-O “I love” / AMAV-I “I loved”
HABE-O “I have” / HABU-I “I had”
CAPI-O “I take” / CEP-I “I took”
AUDI-O “I hear” / AUDIV-I “I heard”
PERFECTUM means “ALREADY DONE” (PER+FACTUM):, and it is used for
PAST AND FINISHED ACTIONS

4. PERFECTUM: ROOT + SPECIAL ENDINGS
WE ADD THE SPECIAL ENDINGS ONLY FOR THIS TENSE:
HAVING THE ROOT AMAV- : 1
AMAV- 2 3 I
ISTI IT
IMUS
ISTIS
ERUNT
Nero domum in Esquilino EADIFICAVIT

5. WRITE THE FOLLOWING LATIN FORMS OF THE VERB
PAST TENSES: PRACTICE 1
1.Write the following tenses in Latin:
1.She had got:
2.We had loved:
3.You heard:
4.They took:
5.They had taken:
6.I saw:
7.We loved:

6. PLUSQUAMPERFECTUM -ERA- AMAV- USING THE VERB AMO-AS/ AMARE/AMAVI
CHOOSE THE ROOT OF PERFECTUM…..
…AND ADD THE GENERAL ENDINGS OF THE VERB
AMAV-
WE ADD THE SPECIAL SUFFIX FOR PLUSQUAMPERFECTUM 1
AMAV- 2 3 -M -S -T
-MUS
-TIS
-NT
-ERA-

7. PAST TENSES: PRACTICE Past perfect, 2nd person sing. TIMU- -ERA- -S
ROOT
SUFFIX
ENDING
PERSON
AND TENSE
TRANSLATION
1. Timueras
2. nesciverunt
3. cupiveramus
4. egit
5. timueratis
6. egerunt:
7. Cupivit
Past perfect,
2nd person sing.
TIMU-
-ERA- -S
You had feared
Perfectum
3rd person pl
NESCIV-.
-ERUNT
They didn’t know.
CUPIV-.
-ERA-.
Plusquamperfectum
1st person Plur.
-MUS.
We had wished.
-IT.
Perefctum
3rd person Sing
He/she did.
EG-.
TIMU-.
-ERA-.
-TIS-
Plusquam,perfectum
2nd person Pl
you had feared
EG-.
-ERUNT.
Perfectum, 3rd person pl.
They DID
CUPIV-.
-IT
Perfectum, 3rd person sing..
She,he wished.

8. Shy doves are always eagles food/ pray
TRANSLATION PRACTICE
Pavidae columbae semper sunt praeda aquilarum
3rd person
Plural
present
NOMINATIVE PLURAL
SUBJECT
ADVERB
ACCUSATIVE PLURAL
DIRECT COMPLEMENT
GENITIVE PLURAL
NOUN
COMPLEMENT
Shy doves are always eagles food/ pray
Serva villae fenestras curat et dominae cenam parat
3rd person singular. PRESENT
3rd person singular. PRESENT
DATIVE SINGULAR
INDIRECT C.
ACCUSATIVE
SINGULAR
DIRECT C.
NOMINATIVE PLURAL
SUBJECT
GENITIVE
SINGULAR
NOUN COMPLEMENT
ACCUSATIVE
PLURAL
DIRECT C.
The slave girls of the house clean the windows and prepare dinner for (their) lady.