1. The problem of Li-metal battery
The uniformity of the deposit may become poor, leading to dendrite formation and short circuits
Since the passivation reaction is highly exothermic, the cell may overheat and in extreme cases, given the low melting point of lithium, thermal runaway may occur
Li polymer battery
Li-ion battery
Careful design of the electrolyte system to optimize the formation of the passivating layer, in particular by use of polymer electrolytes
Replacement of the lithium metal negative by a second insertion host, usually based on graphitic carbon.