1. IV. Argument
4.2 Features of Argument

2. Features of an Argument
Four features of an effective argument:
Arguable thesis
Good reasons and credible evidence
Counterargument
Appropriate tone

3. 1. Arguable Thesis
The thesis states one position on an issue that has at least two viable sides.
The thesis is not a statement of fact (i.e. “Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492”) because facts are either true or they’re not.
The thesis is not a personal feeling (i.e. “I like Rocky Road ice cream”) because feelings are subjective, so you can’t argue, only explain them.

4. 1. Arguable Thesis Use clear and exact wording in your thesis
(The more vague the wording, the more difficult it will be to argue convincingly.)

5. 1. Arguable Thesis Use qualifications if appropriate
(such as probably, likely, apparently, and seem)
Qualifying doesn’t weaken your argument; instead, it shows that you’re reasonable
and therefore credible.

6. 2. Good Reasons and Credible Evidence
To brainstorm your reasons, put the word “because” after your thesis:
“I believe Monmouth should remain a dry town because. . .”

7. Good Reasons and Credible Evidence
The following make credible evidence to make your reasons convincing:
Facts: (measurable, verifiable) from reliable sources.
Statistics: explained by reliable sources.
Authorities: given enough information to establish their credibility.

8. Good Reasons and Credible Evidence
More credible evidence to make your reasons convincing:
Anecdotes: work especially if they strike the reader as true to life.
Scenarios: (These describe what might happen. They raise and answer the question “What if. . .?”)
Cases: (These are typical or generalized brief observations of people). Like scenarios, they must ring true to life to be effective.

9. 3. A Counterargument A counterargument anticipates the arguments,
objections,
challenges, and
questions
of the opposing side.

10. A Counterargument Acknowledge the opposition:
show you understand their viewpoint.
Accommodate the opposition:
agree with what you can.
Refute the opposition:
disagree with what you have to,
and show why.

11. 4. An Appropriate Tone The challenge: to express yourself forcefully
without shutting down communication.
Gain readers’ respect and confidence
through your calm, thoughtful,
respectful tone.