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Prehistory to the Renaissance
The first humans were hunter-gatherers - About 10,000 years ago some settled into tiny villages - About 5,000 years ago city-based civilizations emerged Early civilizations emerged in North Africa, the Middle East, India, and China
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First Civilizations Evolve
Farming villages Ancient Societies Ancient Cultures Looking Ahead 10,000 years ago humans abandoned nomadic lifestyles. Settled into villages that raised crops and domesticated animals. 5,000 years ago, these villages grew to city based civilizations. Began in isolation, these civilizations had much in common. Monarch leaders politically. Peasant majorities provided foundation for elaborate social superior lifestyles Royal architecture, Sculptors carved statues of gods/rulers. Writing. Metalworking and textiles, mathematics and astronomy. Religions. 1000 years before the time of Jesus, most people lived in gathering bands, farming villages, nomadic tribes. But as we will see, the future belonged to these isolated civilizations.
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The Americas Europe ________ China _____ ___ Greece Rome _______ __India_ __ Mesop ____________ Early Africa
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Africa Egypt Old Kingdom - Rich farming civilization emerged in the
Nile River valley over 5000 years ago - Egyptian pharaohs ruled and built pyramids as Tombs. Middle Kingdom - Trade and warfare led to cultural diffusion - Polytheistic religion and society organized into classes. Pharaoh-noble-merchants/arisans -farmers/slaves Later Kingdoms and Trading States (730BC) - The Bantu language spread throughout Africa from west Africa - Trade routes connected north, west, and east Africa (salt and gold)
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The Americas Europe ________ China _____ ___ Greece Rome _______ __India_ __ Mesop ____________ Early Africa
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Mesopotamia - Sumer, city-states (a political unit made up of a city and surrounding area), emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers over 5000 years ago - Sumerians developed the first form of writing, cuneiform (3100BC) It was used by scribes to maintain records for the kingdom. -Warfare and trade spread ideas in area. Libraries, the alphabet, and coin currency. Hammurabi - Code of Hammurabi, the first major collection of laws -eye for an eye -presumption of innocence -accused and accuser provide evidence Judaism - monotheistic religion, developed by Hebrews who had migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan
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The Americas Europe ________ China _____ ___ Greece Rome _______ __India_ __ Mesop ____________ Early Africa
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India The Indus Valley - India’s first civilization emerged about 2,600BC life began to decline due to flooding around 1700 B.C. - Around 1,500BC Aryans arrived from the north Society - Society was based on a rigid Hindu caste system Powerful Empires - Between 600 and 500BC strong, unified empires emerged - The Maurya Dynasty ( BC) conquered much of India (Asoka) - India establishes contact with civilizations in Africa, the Middle East, and Central and Southeast Asia - The Gupta Dynasty ( AD) brings in an age of peace and prosperity Hinduism and Buddhism emerge - Hinduism stresses perfection of the spirit through reincarnation - There is no one specific founder - Buddhism stresses perfection of the spirit through meditation - Siddhartha Guatama (the Buddha) is the founder
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The Americas Europe ________ China _____ ___ Greece Rome _______ __India_ __ Mesop ____________ Early Africa
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China Early Civilizations in China
- Long distances and geography separated China with other areas, this led to the belief that China was the center of the Earth, and sole source of civilization Dynasties - China was ruled by Dynasties; Shang (1650BC), Zhou (1027BC) - They studied the heavens, the Zhou made the first books - Shi Huangdi (Sure Hwong-dee) rose to power and ushered in China’s Golden Age and connected the Great Wall of China - The Han (206BC-220AD) made advances in trade, government, technology, and the arts - The Silk Road, stretching 4,000 miles, linked China with the Fertile Crescent and beyond. (Nile Valley) Also known as cradle of civilization. - Ruled with the Mandate of Heaven The Zhou created the idea that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the gods. Religion/Philosophy - Religious practices came to center on respect for ancestors - Confucianism and Legalism emerge focusing on ordered living - Daoism focused on universal balance between yin and yang, and getting back to nature The Mongol Conquest - In the early 1200sAD the Mongols of central Asia overran land from China to Eastern Europe - Under the Khan (leader) the Mongols emerged as tolerant rulers. - Under Kublai Khan the Mongols made the Silk Roads safe and profitable – exchanging goods, ideas, and DISEASES across Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa
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The Americas Europe ________ China _____ ___ Greece Rome _______ __India_ __ Mesop ____________ Early Africa
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Greece and Rome Early People of the Aegean
- Early civilizations (Minoans and Mycenaeans) were sea-based - These early people absorbed both Egyptian and Mesopotamian ideas - Best know for Homer and his accounts of the Trojan War Greek City-States - City-States varied; Sparta-military, Athens-Democracy - Greece was known for its artists, writers, and philosophers - Greece was united under Philip of Macedonia, and later his son, Alexander the Great who helped spread and blend Greek culture with Persia, India, and Egypt Rome - By about 270BC Rome occupied most of Italy, by 133BC Rome’s power reached from Spain to Egypt - Augustus ushers in the age of the Empire in 31BC, for 200 years Rome experiences the Pax Romana (Roman Peace). - Rome borrowed a lot from Greek art, religion, and architecture - Christianity emerges as an urban religion in Rome The Long Decline - Eventually the Empire split in two due to it’s size - The Western Empire fell in 476AD due to corruption, fighting, debt, and invasions - The Eastern Empire lasts 1,000 years after the west, eventually falling to the Ottomans
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The Americas Europe ________ China _____ ___ Greece Rome _______ __India_ __ Mesop ____________ Early Africa
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Muslim Civilizations - In the 600sAD a major religion, Islam, emerged in Arabia Muhammad - The prophet of Islam was born in 570AD, and called to be a messenger of God - Muslims believe in one, all powerful and merciful God - 5 Pillars: One God, Daily Prayer, Charity, Fasting, Hajj - Their holy book is the Quran Spread of Islam - After Muhammad’s death in 632 Islam spreads across the Byzantine and Persian empires, and from the Atlantic to Indus Valley (largely through army conquest) - While Europe was in the Dark Ages, Muslims continued the learning of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, as well as brought the silk road trade network under their control - In 1453AD Muslim Ottomans captured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul - There were 3 major Muslim Empires: The Mughals (India), Ottomans (Turkey), and Safavid (Persia)
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The Americas Europe ________ China _____ ___ Greece Rome _______ __India_ __ Mesop ____________ Early Africa
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Europe Early Middle Ages
- Europe was fragmented and isolated due to Germanic invasions (fall of the Roman Empire) Feudalism - System of government-based on land division, protection and loyalty - Strength of church England - Growth of royal power led to clashes between the church and kings Magna Carta - limited the power of the king Europeans Look Outward - The Crusades---attempt by European Christians to regain the Holy Land - spread of culture and increased trade
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Societies Interact Trade Routes Emerge
- The Indian Ocean Trade Network linked East Africa, the Middle East, India, and Asia together in sea-based trade - The Silk Roads, made safe and profitable by the Mongols, united the known parts of the world together in land-based trade - The Americas and Oceania are still not connected by trade Contact Increases - Due to contact from the Crusades and explorers like Marco Polo, Europe experiences a “renaissance” or rebirth of learning that pulls them out of the Dark Ages - Beginning in Italy, the Renaissance will spread north, furthering innovation and trade which will link the known world with the Americas and Oceania later
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The Americas Europe ________ China _____ ___ Greece Rome _______ __India_ __ Mesop ____________ Early Africa
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The Americas North America - made up of very diverse populations
- the societies were strongly influenced by geography Middle America - first settlers were nomadic Maya - developed writing and an accurate calendar - society divided into social classes Aztecs - by 1500 their empire numbered 30 million and controlled most of Mexico-conquered by the Spanish with the helped of groups conquered by the Aztecs
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