1. EVOLUTION Ben Vallejo NBC Teacher, Chatsworth HS
Adjunct Faculty, Biology
Moorpark College

2. Before We Begin… Please set up your paper like this:
Your Name
Mr. Vallejo
Subject,Period/Section
Date
Cornell Notes: Evolution
Please set up your paper like this:
Cornell Notes—Evolution

3. Overview Evolution terms to know Other Scientists’ contributions
Darwin
Historical background
Four Tenets
Evidence for Evolution
Hardy-Weinberg Principle

4. I. Evolution terms to know
Evolution = Change over time
Pikachu
evolves into Raichu !

5. I. Evolution terms to know
Microevolution = small changes over time within a species
males
females
subgroup
5 ft 9.4 in
5 ft 4 in
20-74
5 ft 10.1 in
5 ft 4.6 in
20-39 non-Hispanic whites
5 ft 10 in
20-39 non-Hispanic blacks
5 ft 9.2 in
5 ft 2.9 in
20-39 Hispanic non-Mexican Americans
5 ft 6.8 in
5 ft 2.2 in
20-39 Mexican Americans

6. I. Evolution terms to know
Macroevolution (Speciation) = Over time, groups of organisms changed so much that they can no longer reproduce with the original group.

7. I. Evolution terms to know
A. Adaptation = trait that allows an organism to survive and reproduce
B. Variation = individuals have different traits
C. Mutation = change in DNA. Most changes have no effect, some are lethal, a few make an individual better adapted.
D. Competition = competing for limited resources

8. I. Evolution terms to know
E. Species = Mayr: "species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups." Offspring are fertile.
HORSE DONKEY = MULE

9. I. More Evolution terms
F. Fitness = ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment

10. II. Other scientists’ contributions
Lamarck: Inheritance of
acquired characteristics/
Use and Disuse
B. Hutton: Geological forces occur over long periods of time
C. Malthus: population increases FASTER than the resources  competition

11. III. Charles Darwin Father of Evolution
1809, HMS Beagle, Galapagos Island
1865, published On the Origin of Species before Alfred Wallace released his similar work

12. Darwin’s Four Tenets (i.e ideas)
1.    More organisms are made than the environment can support  Competition
2.    There is a variation among offspring preadaptation.
3.    Natural selection survival of the fittest. Environment selects against traits -Climate, weather, competition predators, pollution. -e.g. Peppered Moth and Industrial Melanism
4.Individuals that have desirable traits are more fit and leave more offspring

13. Darwin’s Four Tenets (i.e ideas)
1.    More organisms are made than the environment can support  Competition

14. Darwin’s Four Tenets (i.e ideas)
2.    There is a variation among offspring: preadaptation.
EYES: Blue Green Brown

15. Darwin’s Four Tenets (i.e ideas)
3.    Natural selection survival of the fittest. Environment selects against traits
-Climate, weather, competition predators, pollution.
-e.g. Peppered Moth and Industrial Melanism

16. Darwin’s Four Tenets (i.e ideas)
4.Individuals that have desirable traits are more fit and leave more offspring

17. IV. Evidence for Evolution
A. Fossil Record
B. Homologous Structures: Same tissue  related
C. Embryology—vertebrates have similar embryos
D. Biochemistry
E. Biogeography

18. IV. Evidence for Evolution
Fossil Record
Strata in sedimentary rock
Newest, Complex, Alive today are on top
Oldest, Simple,
Most extinct are at the bottom

19. IV. Evidence for Evolution
B. Homologous Structures: Same tissue related
Analogous structures:
same function
not necessarily related
Vestigial organ-
no longer need it ex. Whale pelvic
bone land ancestor

20. IV. Evidence for Evolution
C. Embryology: vertebrates have similar embryos
Haeckel=
”ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”
Means that the embryos look like the evolutionary sequence
Haeckel's drawings of several different embryos, showing incredible similarity, compared with photographs of actual embryos from all seven classes of vertebrates, showing quite clearly that Haeckel's drawings misrepresent the truth.
In 1997 Richardson and an international team of experts compared Haeckel's embryos with photographs of actual embryos from all seven classes of vertebrates, showing quite clearly that Haeckel's drawings misrepresent the truth.

21. IV. Evidence for Evolution
D. Biochemistry
Conserved sequences in DNA, Hemoglobin
Cytochrome C (protein) ”molecular clock”
molecule found in ETS, which is in almost all living things

22. IV. Evidence for Evolution
E. Biogeography
Example: Africa and South America 200 mya

23. V. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Mathematical formula that Demonstrates the occurrence of natural selection by demonstrating a change in gene frequency.

24. V. Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium
Assumptions.
Large population
Random mating
No mutation
No migration
No natural selection

25. V. Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium
Equations: p+q= p2+2pq+q2=1
p=frequency of the dominant allele
q = frequency of the recessive allele
p2=freq of the homozygous dominant
q2=freq of the homozygous recessive
2pq=freq of the heterozygote

26. V. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Example: Find p and q for the following populations of fur color (black is dominant) in guinea pigs, before and after an Andean cold spell:
Before: 96 black, 4 white
After: 84 black, 16 white
Did natural selection occur?

27. V. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Example: Find p and q for the following populations of fur color (black is dominant) in guinea pigs, before and after an Andean cold spell:
Before: 96 black, 4 white
After: 84 black, 16 white
4/100 = 0.04 = freq of white =freq of aa = q2
Equations: p+q= p2+2pq+q2=1
BEFORE:
q2 = 0.04  q = 0.2
P = 1-q = 0.8

28. V. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Example: Find p and q for the following populations of fur color (black is dominant) in guinea pigs, before and after an Andean cold spell:
Before: 96 black, 4 white
After: 84 black, 16 white
16/100 = 0.16 = freq of white =freq of aa = q2
Equations: p+q= p2+2pq+q2=1
AFTER:
q2 = 0.16  q = 0.4
P = 1-q = 0.6

29. V. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Example: Find p and q for the following populations of fur color (black is dominant) in guinea pigs, before and after an Andean cold spell:
Before: 96 black, 4 white
After: 84 black, 16 white
BEFORE:
q2 = 0.04  q = 0.2
P = 1-q = 0.8
AFTER:
q2 = 0.16  q = 0.4
P = 1-q = 0.6
Did natural selection occur?
YES