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Metabolism and enzymes
Mader Biology Chapter 6
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Metabolism
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ATP is the cell’s source of energy
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Reactions can be endergonic or exergonic
Exergonic (exothermic) Endergonic (endothermic) Releases energy ATP ADP + P Absorbs energy ADP + P ATP
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Coupling Living systems couple endergonic with exergonic reactions
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Kinetic Energy vs Chemical Energy
Kinetic Energy Chemical Energy Energy of movement Energy stored in bonds
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Enzymes
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Enzymes Functional proteins Used to catalyze chemical reactions
They do this by decreasing the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to occur
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Anatomy of an Enzyme Substrate binds at the active site
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Enzymes Don’t get changed or used up in the reaction
Work on highly specific substrates Substrate attaches to Active Site with of the enzyme and is converted to product
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Competitive vs. Non-competitive Inhibition
COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR: Takes the place of the normal substrate Does not change the ‘shape’ of the active site Usually reversible NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR: Attaches to the allosteric site (different than the active site) Changes the shape of the enzyme, and thereby the active site. Many are non reversible.
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Factors affecting Enzymes
Many will not work properly without Cofactors (inorganic- ex: Zn, Fe) or Coenzymes (organic). Most coenzymes are vitamins or vitamin derivatives Denaturation: pH Temp Salinity
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