1. APES year in review – chapters 1-2
2017, The year everyone gets a 5!

2. Answers to chapter 1 pages 23-24
1 D 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 C 6 E 7 B
8 E
9 D
10 A

3. Answers to chapter 2 page 49-50
1 B 2 D 3 E 4 C 5 A 6 B 7 E
8 C
9 B
10 E
11 D
12 C
13 E
14 A

4. Know how to……….. Convert with dimensional analysis
Make sense of the half life table
Use percentages (efficiency p 40)
Make sense of the pH scale

5. Easter Island Sustainability -Inhabitatants of Easter Island cut
down the trees to build their houses faster than the trees could grow back. Was that sustainable?

6. How many Earth’s would be required if everybody has the same ecological footprint as the citizens of the United States?

7. How many Earth’s would be required if everybody has the same ecological footprint as the citizens of the United States? 8

8. What temperature water (hot or cold) will support the fish that need the most oxygen?

9. What temperature water (hot or cold) will support the fish that need the most oxygen? COLD Water

10. Developed vs. Developing
Which category of countries have the largest ecological footprint?
Developed vs. Developing
Developed Countries
Canada, U.S., Australia, Western Europe (Denmark)
Developing Countries
Latin America, China, Africa (Kenya)
1/5 of the world’s pop. Lives in absolute poverty, illiterate, lack clean H2O and don’t have enough food
80% of world’s pop. Lives in developing co. and growing

11. Developed vs. Developing
Which category of countries have the largest ecological footprint?
Developed vs. Developing
Developed Countries
Canada, U.S., Australia, Western Europe (Denmark)
Developing Countries
Latin America, China, Africa (Kenya)
1/5 of the world’s pop. Lives in absolute poverty, illiterate, lack clean H2O and don’t have enough food
80% of world’s pop. Lives in developing co. and growing

12. Describe the 2nd law of thermodynamics

13. When energy is transformed the ability to do work decreases even though the quantity of energy does not change.
Describe the 2nd law of thermodynamics

14. When energy transfers from one form to another or from one trophic level to the one above some of the energy does not make it to the other form or the next trophic level. What form does this “missing” energy take?

15. When energy transfers from one form to another or from one trophic level to the one above some of the energy does not make it to the other form or the next trophic level. What form does this “missing” energy take? HEAT

16. Is the earth an open or closed system in regards to solar energy?

17. Is the earth an open or closed system in regards to solar energy
Is the earth an open or closed system in regards to solar energy? Open because the sun’s solar rays travel through space, are absorbed/reflected by the earth and atmosphere and then are reradiated back to space.

18. How many times more acidic is stomach acid compared to rainwater?
pH = 1.6
How many times more acidic is stomach acid compared to rainwater?

19. pH = 1.6
How many times more acidic is stomach acid compared to rainwater? Rainwater is ph 5.6 so stomach acid is 10,000 times more acidic than rainwater

20. What happened to the salinity of Mono Lake when the LADPW diverted water from Walker Creek, which fed the lake, to the people of Los Angeles?
YLHS

21. What happened to the salinity of Mono Lake when the LADPW diverted water from Walker Creek, which fed the lake, to the people of Los Angeles?
Salinity increased
YLHS

22. When the salinity of Mono Lake increased, what happened to the algae population and the population of brine shrimp?

23. When the salinity of Mono Lake increased, what happened to the algae population and the population of brine shrimp? Decreased

24. The half life of a radioactive sample is 2,000 years. If 12
The half life of a radioactive sample is 2,000 years. If 12.5 grams of a 400 gram sample is radioactive, how old is the sample in years?

25. The half life of a radioactive sample is 2,000 years. If 12
The half life of a radioactive sample is 2,000 years. If 12.5 grams of a 400 gram sample is radioactive, how old is the sample in years?
12.5 g/400 g = 1/32. 1/32 = 5 half lives. 5 half lives times 2000 years = 10,000 years.

26. Krypton-85 has a half life of 11 years
Krypton-85 has a half life of 11 years. How long will it take for it to lose ¾ of its radioactivity?

27. Krypton-85 has a half life of 11 years
Krypton-85 has a half life of 11 years. How long will it take for it to lose ¾ of its radioactivity?
2 half lives represent ¾ stable daughter products. 2 times 11 = 22 years.

28. Common Units and Their Conversions
Convert 5 calories into joules
Unit
Definition
Relationship to Joules
Common Uses
calorie
Energy to heat 1 gram of water 1ْ C
energy transfer in ecosystems
Calorie
Food calorie always shown with capital C
1 Calorie = 1000 calories= 1 Kilocalorie
Food labels
British Thermal Unit (Btu)
Energy to heat 1 pound of water 1ْ C
1 Btu = 1,055 joules
Energy transfer in air conditioners and home water heaters.
Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Energy expended by using 1kW of electricity for 1 hour
1kWh = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 mega-joules (MJ)
Energy used by electrical appliances kWh per year

29. Common Units and Their Conversions
Convert 5 calories into joules 5 calories x 4 joules/ calorie = 20 joules
Unit
Definition
Relationship to Joules
Common Uses
calorie
Energy to heat 1 gram of water 1ْ C
1 calorie = joules
energy transfer in ecosystems
Calorie
Food calorie always shown with capital C
1 Calorie = 1000 calories= 1 Kilocalorie
Food labels
British Thermal Unit (Btu)
Energy to heat 1 pound of water 1ْ C
1 Btu = 1,055 joules
Energy transfer in air conditioners and home water heaters.
Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Energy expended by using 1kW of electricity for 1 hour
1kWh = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 mega-joules (MJ)
Energy used by electrical appliances kWh per year

30. A metric ton of anthracite coal can produce 10,000 MJ of electricity
A metric ton of anthracite coal can produce 10,000 MJ of electricity. Given these efficiencies, how much energy is produced as incandescent light?
Heat
Heat
Heat
65%
35%
10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient
Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient
1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ
8,400 MJ of electricity is produced

31. A metric ton of anthracite coal can produce 10,000 MJ of electricity
A metric ton of anthracite coal can produce 10,000 MJ of electricity. Given these efficiencies, how much energy is produced as incandescent light? 10,000 MJ x .35 *.9 * .05 = MJ of incandescent light.
Heat
Heat
Heat
65%
35%
10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient
Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient
1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ
8,400 MJ of electricity is produced

32. Do these calculations violate the second law of thermodynamics
Do these calculations violate the second law of thermodynamics? 10,000 MJ x .35 *.9 * .05 = MJ of incandescent light.
Heat
Heat
Heat
65%
35%
10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient
Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient
1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ
8,400 MJ of electricity is produced

33. Do these calculations violate the second law of thermodynamics
Do these calculations violate the second law of thermodynamics? 10,000 MJ x .35 *.9 * .05 = MJ of incandescent light. No, energy is not lost to the system, it is transformed into heat.
Heat
Heat
Heat
65%
35%
10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient
Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient
1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ
8,400 MJ of electricity is produced

34. When coal is burned, most of the energy is transformed into __________
Heat
Heat
Heat
65%
35%
10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient
Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient
1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ
8,400 MJ of electricity is produced

35. When coal is burned, most of the energy is transformed into __heat________
65%
35%
10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient
Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient
1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ
8,400 MJ of electricity is produced

36. Which is a positive feedback loop and which is a negative feedback loop?

37. Which is a positive feedback loop and which is a negative feedback loop?

38. Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

39. Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

40. Positive or negative feedback loop?

41. Positive or negative feedback loop?

42. How many meters in a kilometer?

43. How many meters in a kilometer?

44. How many cubic meters in a cubic kilometer?

45. How many cubic meters in a cubic kilometer?3

47. The Restoration Plan for the Everglades
How would the following two actions help to restore the everglades?
●Removing inland levees and canals that were used to prevent the natural flow of water and control flooding.
Water conservation: redirecting fresh water to restored wetlands instead of letting it drain to the ocean.

48. The Restoration Plan for the Everglades
How would the following two actions help to restore the everglades?
●Removing inland levees and canals that were used to prevent the natural flow of water and control flooding.
Water conservation: redirecting fresh water to restored wetlands instead of letting it drain to the ocean.
Everglades are rivers of grass that depend on water flow. Removing levees would increase the flow of fresh water.

49. If you left the door of a refrigerator open, would the Earth get cooler?

50. If you left the door of a refrigerator open, would the Earth get cooler? No, why?

51. If you left the door of a refrigerator open, would the Earth get cooler? No, why? Second law of thermodynamics, think of all the heat generated to make electricity.

52. What type of habitat is the Florida Everglades?

53. What type of habitat is the Florida Everglades
What type of habitat is the Florida Everglades? Wetland, Riparian, river of grass, swamp

54. In what way was the saving of Mono Lake and the Florida Everglades similar?

55. In what way was the saving of Mono Lake and the Florida Everglades similar? Water flow was increased to both

56. Burning fossil fuels increases the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
What happens to the temperature of the earth if the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increases?

57. Burning fossil fuels increases the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
What happens to the temperature of the earth if the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increases? Earth’s temperature increases.

58. What caused the fish kill in the Neusse River?

59. What caused the fish kill in the Neuse River
What caused the fish kill in the Neuse River? Too many nutrients in the river caused Pfisteria to target fish.

60. Acids and Bases
pH-log of hydrogen ions in a solution. Therefore each number higher on the pH scale is 10X more basic
Basic- OH- (hydroxyl ions) over 7 on the pH scale
Acidic-H+ ions under 7 on the pH scale
Neutral- pure water is 7 on the pH scale
Normal rain is slightly acidic-pH 6.4
Acid rain is defined as less than a pH of 5.5

61. What is the size of the human population?

62. What is the size of the human population? 7 Billion People

63. The ability to do work is _______

64. The ability to do work is _______

65. What is ozone and where is it found?

66. What is ozone and where is it found
What is ozone and where is it found? Ozone is made of 3 oxygen atoms and it is found in the stratosphere.

67. What does the ozone layer prevent and what has caused the ozone layer to be destroyed?
Purple indicates the absence of ozone

68. What does the ozone layer prevent and what has caused the ozone layer to be destroyed? The ozone layer prevents UV light from reaching Earth. The ozone layer can be destroyed by CFCs that come from hair sprays, Freon in air conditioners and propellants used to make Styrofoam.

69. Look at the graph below and determine the likely temperature of the water if it was heated for 75 minutes.

70. Look at the graph below and determine the likely temperature of the water if it was heated for 75 minutes. 96ºC