1. Ratifying the Constitution
October 4, 2010

2. 2/27 Warm Up What is a compromise?
What is one compromise the Framers made during the drafting of the Constitution?

3. A compromise is…
A settlement in which two or more sides agree to accept less than they originally wanted

4. Objectives:
SWBAT
Describe the role of compromise in ratifying the Constitution.
Explain the positions of the Federalists & Anti- Federalists regarding the Constitution.
Conduct a primary document analysis of the Federalist Paper No. 84 using the R.E.A.P. Method

5. Warm Up Quiz

6. Creating and Ratifying The Constitution

7. Two Opposing Plans
On May 29, 1787 the Virginia delegates proposed a plan for the government.
James Madison had designed what became known as the Virginia Plan.
Under the Articles o f Confederation the national government had only a legislative branch with a one house Congress.

8. The Virginia Plan by contrast, called for a government with three branches.
A judicial branch that was appointed.
An executive branch that carried out laws.
A legislative branch that would create and interpret the laws.
The legislature would be divided into two houses with both houses based on state population

9. Critical Thinking What type of states would benefit from the VA plan?
What type of states could be harmed by the VA plan?

10. William Patterson of New Jersey created another plan called the New Jersey plan.
Also called for a three branch government.
But the legislative branch would only have one house and each state would have equal representation.
Small states favored this because it made them equal in power to the larger states.

11. Constitutional Compromises
The Great Compromise
Created by Roger Sherman of Connecticut and called the Connecticut Compromise.
It created a two house Congress (Senate & House of Representatives.)
The Senate would have equal representation.
The House would have representation based on population.

12. Three-Fifths Compromise
The South wanted to count slaves for purposes of population to increase their voting power in the House of Representatives.
The North argued that because enslaved persons could not vote or participate in government they should not be counted in the population of southern states.
The compromise determined that every five slaves counted for three free people when determining representation in Congress and in figuring taxes.

13. Other Compromises Trade
The North wanted Congress to regulate both foreign commerce and trade between states.
The South feared that Congress would use this power to tax exported cotton, which would hurt the Southern economy.
They compromised that Congress could regulate trade between states and foreign countries and that Congress could not tax exports or interfere with the slave trade before 1808.

14. Electoral College
Some delegates thought members of Congress should choose the president.
Others thought the people should choose the president.
The solution was the Electoral College where people would be named by each state legislature to select the president and vice- president.

15. Approving the Constitution
The Constitution was signed on September 17, 1787 by all but Rhode Island’s delegates.
The next seep was to win ratification by having 9 out of 13 states approve the Constitution.

16. A Divided Public
People who supported the Constitution were called Federalists.
They supported federalism, which was a division of power between the national and state governments.
They said the US would not survive without a strong central government.

17. People against the Constitution were called Anti-Federalists.
They felt the central government was given too much power and it took important powers away from the states.
They also thought it needed a Bill of Rights.
The Federalists and Anti-Federalists agreed to put in a Bill of Rights if the Constitution was ratified.
This helped convince the 5 remaining states to ratify the Constitution.

18. Antifederalists Federalists Favored the Constitution
Support base = merchants and others in cities and coastal regions
Opposed the Constitution
Support base = inland farmers and laborers

19. Major Figures Federalists Anti-Federalists James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
John Jay
Anti-Federalists
George Mason
George Clinton
Richard Henry Lee
Roger Yates

20. Anti-Federalists Feared a strong national government
Criticized the Constitution for having been drafted in private
Claimed it was extralegal
Convention had been authorized only to revise the old Articles
Felt the Constitution took important powers from the states
Constitution lacked a Bill of Rights

21. Federalists
Need a strong national government or else anarchy will triumph
Only a strong national gov’t could protect the nation from enemies abroad
Strong national gov’t can solve the country’s internal problems
Bill of Rights not necessary since 8 states already had such bills in their state constitutions

22. Federalist Papers
Series of 85 articles supporting the ratification of the Constitution
Published in the The Independent Journal and The New York Packet
Articles were published under a pseudonym “Publius”
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay

23. Anti-Federalist Papers
Collection of articles, written in opposition to the ratification of the Constitution
Danger the Constitution would bring without a statement of individual rights
George Clinton, Robert Yates, Richard Henry Lee

25. To what expedient, then, shall we finally resort, for maintaining in practice the necessary partition of power among the several departments as laid down in the Constitution ….
In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty, it is evident that each department should have a will of its own; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others. Were this principle rigorously adhered to, it would require that all the appointments for the supreme executive, legislative, and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the same fountain of authority, the people, through channels having no communication whatever with one another … 

26. ?? R E A P The Federalist, No. 51 written by James Madison
The main idea that Madison is arguing is for the separation of powers in government A P
Helps persevere liberty
People should have the power to choose the members of each branch ??

27. Federalist No. 84 Read the excerpt from The Federalist No. 84
Use the R.E.A.P. Method in order to uncover essential information from the document
15 minutes to complete your analysis!

28. Did we accomplish our Objectives?
Identify the major figures involved in the debate over the ratification of the Constitution
Compare and contrast the arguments of the Federalists and the Anti- Federalists
Conduct a primary document analysis of the Federalist Paper No. 84 using the R.E.A.P. Method

29. Due date: 10/1 Homework! Federalist and Anti-Federalist Cube
Demonstrate your knowledge of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists by creating a cube that outlines the political views of each group
Due date: 10/1

30. Which compromise do you think was the most important
Which compromise do you think was the most important? Explain your answer.

31. Time for Ratification
Only 40 of the original 55 delegates actually signed the Constitution on September 17, 1787.
For the new Constitution to become law, 9 of the 13 states had to ratify it.
Debate over ratification lasted until May 29, 1790.