1. Commercial Shipping
Unit 3 - Laytime

2. Laytime
In commercial shipping, it is important to meet agreed deadlines.
Timeliness affects both the ship owner and the charterer, resulting in profits and rewards.
Failure to meet deadlines can result in breach of contract, losses, and penalties.
Laytime is the ‘free time agreed between the shipowner and the charterer for the loading and discharging of the cargo” once this time period is not breached, no penalty will flow from this action.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

3. Laytime
In addition to voyage time, a significant factor in meeting the timelines of a shipping contract is the time taken to load and discharge cargo. The time in port to do this is called lay time. The specification and calculation of lay time is crucial in commercial shipping.
The agreed terms as per charterparty is applied as such both party to the contract of carriage is obliged to perform his/her end of the bargain.
Where there is a breach by either party penalty arise.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

4. Statement of Fact Form
This will comprises dates and times of tendering Notice of Readiness of the ship;
Berthing of the vessel;
Commencement of cargo operations
Completion of cargo operation;
Details of daily cargo work and
Reasons for interruption/delay of cargo working
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

5. Statement of Fact Form.
Apart from the charterparty clauses concerned with laytime, other vital information needed by the calculator will be provided by a Statement of Fact Form.
This form which is prepared and issued by the ship’s port Agent upon the completion of the vessels visit to the port.
The Statement of Fact Form will include information vital to the calculation of laytime amongst others.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

6. Laytime
The test as to whether a ship has “arrived” or not can be summed up as follows:
Has the ship reached the ‘commercial area of the port’ or the ‘normal/usual waiting place’?
Is the ship ready to perform her cargo operations?
Has the Notice of Readiness(NOR) been tendered?
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

7. Laytime
Whether freight rates are high or low, ship-owners cannot afford to delay in promptly collecting demurrage money;
Charterers cannot afford to fail in speedily calculating and collecting despatch money that may be due to him/her.
The laytime calculator is therefore keen to collect the statement of fact form from the ship’s agent at each port as soon as loading and discharging cargo operations are completed.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

8. Charterparty Clauses
PORT shall mean any area where vessels load or discharge cargo and shall include, but not be limited to, berths, wharves, anchorages, buoys and offshore facilities as well as places outside the legal, fiscal or administrative area where vessels are ordered to wait for their turn no matter the distance from that area.
BERTH shall mean the specific place where the Vessel is to load or discharge and shall include, but not be limited to, any wharf, anchorage, offshore facility or other location used for that purpose.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

9. Charterparty Clauses
REACHABLE ON ARRIVAL shall mean that the charterer undertakes that an available loading or discharging Berth be provided to the Vessel on arrival at the Port which the Vessel can reach safely without delay.
ALWAYS ACCESSIBLE shall mean that the charterer undertakes that an available loading or discharging Berth be provided to the Vessel on arrival at the Port which the Vessel can reach safely without delay. The charterer additionally undertakes that the Vessel will be able to depart safely from the Berth and without delay at any time before, during or on completion of loading or discharging.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

10. Charterparty Clauses
LAYTIME shall mean the period of time agreed between the parties during which the owner will make and keep the Vessel available for loading or discharging without payment additional to the freight.
SHEX means Sunday and Holiday are excluded from laytime.
SHINC means Sunday and Holiday are included in laytime.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

11. Charterparty Clauses
PER HATCH PER DAY shall mean that the Laytime is to be calculated by dividing the quantity of cargo by the result of multiplying the agreed daily rate per hatch by the number of the Vessel’s hatches. Thus:                                   Quantity of cargo         Laytime =                                                   = Days                          Daily rate x Number of hatches Each pair of parallel twin hatches shall count as one hatch. Nevertheless, a hatch that is capable of being worked by two gangs simultaneously shall be counted as two hatches.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

12. Charterparty Clauses
DAY shall mean a period of twenty-four (24) consecutive hours. Any part of a Day shall be counted pro rata.
CALENDAR DAY shall mean a period of twenty-four (24) consecutive hours running from 0000 hours to 2400 hours. Any part of a Calendar Day shall be counted pro rata.
CONVENTIONAL DAY shall mean a period of twenty-four (24) consecutive hours running from any identified time. Any part of a Conventional Day shall be counted pro rata.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

13. Charterparty Clauses
WORKING DAY(WD) shall mean a Day when by local law or practice work is normally carried out.
RUNNING DAYS or CONSECUTIVE DAYS shall mean Days which follow one immediately after the other.
RUNNING HOURS or CONSECUTIVE HOURS shall mean hours which follow one immediately after the other.
HOLIDAY shall mean a Day other than the normal weekly Day(s) of rest, or part thereof, when by local law or practice work during what would otherwise be ordinary working hours is not normally carried out.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

14. Charterparty Clauses
WEATHER WORKING DAY(WWD) shall mean a Working Day or part of a Working Day during which it is or, if the Vessel is still waiting for her turn, it would be possible to load/discharge the cargo without interruption due to the weather.
If such interruption occurs (or would have occurred if work had been in progress), there shall be excluded from the Laytime a period calculated by reference to the ratio which the duration of the interruption bears to the time which would have or could have been worked but for the interruption.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

15. Charterparty Clauses
WEATHER WORKING DAY(WWD) OF 24 CONSECUTIVE HOURS shall mean a Working Day or part of a Working Day of 24 consecutive hours during which it is or, if the vessel is still waiting for her turn, it would be possible to load/discharge the cargo without interruption due to the weather.
If such interruption occurs (or would have occurred if work had been in progress) there shall be excluded from the Laytime the period during which the weather interrupted or would have interrupted work.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

16. Charterparty Clauses
(WORKING DAY) WEATHER PERMITTING shall have the same meaning as WEATHER WORKING DAY OF 24 CONSECUTIVE HOURS.
EXCEPTED or EXCLUDED shall mean that the Days specified do not count as Laytime even if loading or discharging is carried out on them.
UNLESS SOONER COMMENCED shall mean that if turn-time has not expired but loading or discharging is carried out, Laytime shall commence.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

17. Charterparty Clauses
UNLESS SOONER COMMENCED, IN WHICH CASE ACTUAL TIME USED TO COUNT shall mean that actual time used during turn-time shall count as Laytime.
UNLESS USED shall mean that if Laytime has commenced but loading or discharging is carried out during excepted periods, actual time used shall count as Laytime.
TO AVERAGE LAYTIME (Reversible) shall mean that separate calculations are to be made for loading and discharging and that any time saved in one operation is to be set off against any excess time used in the other.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

18. Charterparty Clauses
REVERSIBLE LAYTIME shall mean an option given to the charterer to add together the time allowed for loading and discharging. Where the option is exercised the effect is the same as a total time being specified to cover both operations.
NOTICE OF READINESS shall mean the notice to the charterer, shipper, receiver or other person as required by the CharterParty that the Vessel has arrived at the Port or Berth, as the case may be, and is ready to load or discharge.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

19. Charterparty Clauses
TIME LOST WAITING FOR BERTH TO COUNT AS LOADING OR DISCHARGING TIME or AS LAYTIME shall mean that if no loading or discharging Berth is available and the Vessel is unable to tender Notice of Readiness at the waiting-place then any time lost to the Vessel is counted as if Laytime were running, or as time on Demurrage if Laytime has expired.
Such time ceases to count once the Berth becomes available. When the Vessel reaches a place where she is able to tender Notice of Readiness, Laytime or time on Demurrage resumes after such tender and, in respect of Laytime, on expiry of any notice time provided in the CharterParty. 
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

20. Charterparty Clauses
WHETHER IN BERTH OR NOT (WIBON) or BERTH OR NO BERTH shall mean that if the designated loading or discharging Berth is not available on arrival, the Vessel on reaching any usual waiting place at the Port, shall be entitled to tender Notice of Readiness from it and Laytime shall commence in accordance with the Charter Party
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

21. Charterparty Clauses
WHETHER IN PORT OR NOT (WIPON) shall mean that if the designated loading or discharging Berth and the usual waiting place at the Port are not available on arrival, the Vessel shall be entitled to tender Notice of Readiness from any recognised waiting place off the Port and Laytime shall commence in accordance with the Charter Party. 
VESSEL BEING IN FREE PRATIQUE shall mean that the Vessel complies with port health requirements.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

22. Charterparty Clauses
DEMURRAGE shall mean an agreed amount payable to the owner in respect of delay to the Vessel once the Laytime has expired, for which the owner is not responsible. Demurrage shall not be subject to exceptions which apply to Laytime unless specifically stated in the Charter Party.
DESPATCH MONEY or DESPATCH shall mean an agreed amount payable by the owner if the Vessel completes loading or discharging before the Laytime has expired.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

23. Charterparty Clauses
DESPATCH ON ALL WORKING TIME SAVED or ON ALL LAYTIME SAVED shall mean that Despatch Money shall be payable for the time from the completion of loading or discharging until the expiry of the Laytime excluding any periods excepted from the Laytime. 
DESPATCH ON ALL TIME SAVED shall mean that Despatch Money shall be payable for the time from the completion of loading or discharging to the expiry of the Laytime including periods excepted from the Laytime.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

24. Charterparty Clauses
Rider clauses. Standard form charterparties have been used for a very long time and their use is recommended by shipowners' P. & I. Associations because they contain clauses that have generally been tested in courts when disputes have arisen.
However, some standard-form documents may contain clauses that have not kept up to date with changes in the shipping business.
Both ship-owners and charterers may also want to amend standard terms and add terms, which are specific to their own needs.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

25. Rider clauses
The clauses in which these added terms are contained are known as "Rider clauses". The phrase means a set of additional clauses which substitute or supplement clauses in the original document.
The standard form is frequently treated like a "skeleton" for basic, fundamental contractual responsibilities and rights and the Rider clauses, which are added, are like the "flesh" of the contract.
If a Rider clause conflicts with a printed clause it is considered that the Rider clause prevails. The reason for this is that a typed, Rider clause expresses the intention of the parties during the negotiations more clearly than the pre-printed clauses.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence

26. Laytime calculator The stages of laytime calculation are:
Assessing the exact commencement of laytime;
Allowing for interruptions to laytime;
Calculate the duration of laytime available; and
Final calculation of the amount of despatch or demurrage owing.
1/15/2019
Presented by: Radcliffe Spence