1. Chapter 12 – Work and Machines
Work is when a force is used to make something move.
Work = Force (Distance)
Work units
English units will be foot.pounds
Metric units will be newton.meters (which is called a joule)

2. Example problem:
Use the four step method to determine how much work is done if a 50 newton force is used to drag a rock 30 meters.
The force used in this equation is the force in the direction of motion.
40 newtons Force
30 newtons Force
30 newtons Force used to move box

3. Machines
A machine is a device with which you can do work in a way that is easier or more effective
A machine can be simple or complex
A machine makes work easier by:
Changing the amount of force you exert or
Changing the distance over which you exert the force
The direction in which you exert your force

4. Input force – force you exert on the machine
Output force – force exerted by the machine
Output Force
Mechanical advantage =
Input Force
Multiplying Force (mechanical advantage greater than 1)
If the input force is less than the output force, the input force must be exerted over a greater distance.
Examples: a car jack, pulling nails with a hammer

5. Multiplying distance (mechanical advantage less than 1)
If the input force is greater than the output force, the output end of the machine will move a greater distance.
Examples: a fan, a hockey stick, high gear on a bicycle or car
Changing Direction of Force
Example: a pulley, a lever

6. Efficiency
Efficiency is the total work or energy input into a machine compared to the useful work or energy output of the machine
Output Work
Efficiency = x 100
Input Work

7. If there was no energy loss through friction or other causes, the efficiency of a machine would be 100%
No machine is 100% efficient, although some simple machines are very close to 100% efficient

8. For simple machines Input work ≈ Output work Lift a distance of 2 ft.
Push down a distance of 5 ft.
20 lbs
50 lbs
Input work = F (D)
Input work = 20 lb (5 ft.)
Input work = 100 ft-lbs
Output work = F (D)
Output work = 50 lb (2 ft.)
Output work = 100 ft-lbs
100 ft-lbs ≈ 100 ft-lbs

9. Use the efficiency equation to determine the approximate efficiency of the lever system.
output work
Efficiency = x 100 =
input work
100 ft-lbs
x efficiency = 100%

10. Example efficiency problems: Use the four step method to solve these problems
Determine the efficiency of a machine that requires a work input of 224 foot pounds for a work output of 200 foot pounds.
A hydraulic jack requires thirty ½ foot down ward strokes of 20 pounds each to lift an 1150 pound object a distance of .25 feet. Calculate the efficiency of the jack.

11. Ideal Mechanical Advantage – the mechanical advantage of a machine if there was no friction. This can be calculated.
Actual Mechanical Advantage – the real mechanical advantage of a machine. This can be different for each machine and must be measured.

12. Part 2 – Simple Machines The 6 types of simple machines are:
The inclined plane
The wedge
The screw
The lever
The wheel and axle
The pulley

14. The Inclined Plane Mechanical advantage (MA)= output force/input force
Ideal MA = length of the incline/height of incline
If there was no friction the actual MA would equal ideal MA. In real life it is always less.
Incline length
Incline height

17. Wedge
A wedge is like a moving inclined plane to split or cut things apart.

20. Screw A screw is also related to the inclined plane.
The threads of a screw are like a spiral inclined plane.
The closer the threads, the greater the MA of the screw.

22. Levers (3 types) First Class Lever (a pry or teeter-totter)
Second class Lever (wheel barrel)
Third class Lever
Output force
Input force
Input force
Output force
Input force
Output force
Distance from fulcrum to input force
Ideal MA =
Distance from fulcrum to output force

26. Wheel and Axle
The wheel and axle are fastened together so they rotate together (door knob, screw driver, steering wheel of a car)
radius of wheel
mechanical advantage = radius of axle

28. Pulley A single fixed pulley has a mechanical advantage of one.
A single movable pulley has a mechanical advantage of two
We can add more movable pulleys to add more mechanical advantage.

30. Compound Machine
A machine that uses two or more simple machines
Identify the simple machines in each of the following.