1. Reading Guide Answers Many cities grew rapidly
Italy was divided while France was unified
Safer life to escape war
Techniques and ideas from the Italian renaissance, Northern Artists studied in Italy and took ideas back to their homelands
Woodcuts and engraving of religious subjects
He developed new techniques using oil paints

2. Reading Answers
6. Its ceremonies and greed Church Reforms Improving Society 7. Utopia Latin 8. Boys went to school and girls did not Someone who fought for women’s rights 9. Queen Elizabeth I No she was educated and a prominent Political Figure (opinion based)

3. Continued
10. He was a playwright and his plays inspired many people Macbeth 11. Johann Gutenberg, Mainz Germany, 1440 It allowed for hundreds of copies to be made 12. Arts praised individual achievements, More realistic representation, drew on techniques and style of classical Greece and Rome, and secular and religious works 13. Printing led to information being more available to masses, desire to learn, published discoveries, question rulers and church

4. Out of 30 Points

5. Outcome: Martin Luther and the Reformation

6. The Reformation Setting the stage:
By the tenth century, the Roman Catholic Church dominated religious life in Northern and Western Europe.
Many people began to criticize the Church’s practices
People felt that Church leaders were too interested in worldly pursuits, such as gaining wealth and political power

7. The Reformation
Reformation: A movement of religious reform.

8. 2. Causes of The Reformation
Social
Renaissance values led people to question the Church
The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church
Political
Monarchs (kings) challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe
Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority

9. 2. Causes of The Reformation
Economic
European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth
Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church
Religious
Some Church leaders had become worldly (secular) and corrupt
Many people found Church practices such as indulgences as unacceptable

10. 2. Causes of The Reformation
Other examples:
Pope Alexander VI admitted that he had fathered several children
Many priests and monks were poorly educated and couldn’t teach people
Other clergy married, drank, or gambled
Simony, Lay investiture, and the age old division of Church vs. State

11. Martin Luther

12. Martin Luther and the Reformation
Luther Challenges the Church
Martin Luther
Parents wanted him to be a lawyer, became a monk and teacher instead
Taught scripture at University of Wittenberg in German state of Saxony
His 95 Theses began the Reformation
Martin Luther believed it was ok for clergy to marry and he did so

13. Martin Luther and the Reformation
95 Theses
Luther took a stand against Johann Tetzel who was selling indulgences to pay for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome
Indulgences: A pardon which released a sinner from performing the penalty a priest imposed for sins.
Indulgences were not supposed to affect God’s right to judge

14. Tetzel gave people impression that they were buying their way into heaven
On October 31, 1517 Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg
The 95 Theses were formal statements attacking “pardon-merchants”
Martin Luther’s actions began the Reformation

15. Martin Luther and the Reformation
Luther’s Teachings
Good works not needed for salvation, a person could win salvation based on faith
Church teachings should be based on Bible not pope or Church traditions which could be corrupt or false
Priests not needed to interpret the Bible because all people with faith were equals

16. Martin Luther and the Reformation
Response to Luther
Pope Leo X threatened Luther with excommunication if he didn’t take back his statements
Instead of taking statements back, Luther burned the pope’s decree
Leo then excommunicated Luther
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Catholic) summoned Luther to Worms in 1521 to recant (take back) his statements

17. Continued
Charles issues Edict of Worms ---> declared Luther an outlaw and heretic and no one was to give him food or shelter
Frederick the Wise of Saxony sheltered Luther ---> While there Luther translated the New Testament into German
In 1522 Luther returned to Wittenberg and his followers became known as Lutherans
The princes in Germany that supported Luther banded together to protest against those who were against Luther’s ideas, became known as Protestants

18. Result: Because of Martin Luther’s actions, Christianity has two main branches in the Western world: Catholicism and Protestantism.

19. No head of church. Each church is independent of one another.
Catholicism
Protestantism
Location of Church Authority
Vatican City in Rome
No head of church. Each church is independent of one another.
Denominations
Anglicanism, Calvinism, Lutheran, Presbyterian, Baptist, etc
Head of Church
Pope
No head of Protestant Church
Can clergy marry?
No.
Yes, it is allowed and encouraged
Language of worship
Traditionally mass is held in Latin, has changed today
Vernacular

20. Henry VIII (the 8th)

21. England Becomes Protestant
Henry was a devout Catholic when he first became King
1521 he wrote a stinging attack on Luther’s ideas
With recognition of Henry’s support, the pope gave him the title “Defender of Faith”
So why did he go against the church?

22. Henry VIII wants a son… Henry’s wife was Catherine of Aragon
Only child was Mary
Wanted to annul his marriage
Pope turned him down
Henry takes matters into his own hands.

23. Henry’s Actions and Consequences
Called on Parliament to end the Pope’s power in England
Secretly marries Anne Boleyn and one year later Parliament legalized Henry’s divorce from Catherine
Parliament approves the Act of Supremacy.

25. Henry’s Heirs
Henry’s son Edward becomes king at 9 years old and fell ill and died.
Mary took over the thrown
Beheaded those who were Protestant
Elizabeth took over once Mary died

26. Reformation Continues
John Calvin
John Calvin was 8 years old when Luther posted the 95 Thesis
Published Institutes of Christian religion
Believed in Predestination
This religion was called Calvinism
Believed the ideal government was a theocracy, a government controlled by religious leaders.