1. Non-Governmental Organisations

2. ??? What is an NGO? What do NGOs do?
How does this relate to Power, Sovereignty and International Relations?
What existing knowledge do you have?

3. Difficult to define an NGO?
What difficulties are there?
What different types of NGO exist?
What do they have in common?

4. Defining the term NGO
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level. Task-oriented and driven by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of service and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to Governments, advocate and monitor policies and encourage political participation through provision of information. Some are organized around specific issues, such as human rights, environment or health. They provide analysis and expertise, serve as early warning mechanisms and help monitor and implement international agreements. Their relationship with offices and agencies of the United Nations system differs depending on their goals, their venue and the mandate of a particular institution. (taken from ngo.org/ngoinfo/define.html)

5. Examples of NGOs globally
Amnesty International
The Malaria Consortium
International Rescue Committee
OXFAM
Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF)
What other names could you add to this list?

6. International Rescue Committee: A Case Study: States Vs NGOs
Founded in 1942 (Albert Einstein)
The International Rescue Committee (IRC) responds to the world’s worst humanitarian crises and helps people to survive and rebuild their lives. At work in over 40 countries and 25 U.S. cities to restore safety, dignity and hope, the IRC leads the way from harm to home

7. A Very Brief Introduction to IRC

8. Ten years of Conflict in Darfur
300,000 dead and 2,700,000 displaced
IRC provided medical care, water, sanitation, education and protection for 800,000 Darfuris and 1.1 million people in North and East Sudan

9. Expulsion from Sudan
Abruptly, on March 4, 2009, the IRC and and 12 other relief organizations were expelled from the region by the Sudanese government.
"Our departure left gaping holes in the essential support system for nearly two million people” - Kurt Tjossem (IRC Regional Director)
Why do you think the IRC were expelled from Sudan?
KHARTOUM, March 4, 2009 (AFP) - Sudan ordered the expulsion of up to 10 foreign aid agencies on Wednesday after the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for President Omar al-Beshir on war crimes charges.
The move against relief organisations, which provide essential aid to the estimated 2.7 million people made homeless by the war in Darfur as well as assistance in the reconstruction of south Sudan after two decades of civil war, drew a swift response from UN chief Ban Ki -moon, who urged a change of mind.
"Ten NGOs will be expelled," the head of an aid group working in Darfur told AFP. "They told us to leave the country within 24 hours," he added.
"Up to 10 NGOs will be expelled," a UN source told AFP.
The UN chief said he was "concerned to hear that between six and 10 humanitarian NGOs have had their registrations revoked, and some of their assets seized".
"He notes that this represents a serious setback to lifesaving operations in Darfur, and urges the government of Sudan to act urgently to restore these NGOs to their full operational status," his spokeswoman Michele Montas said.
Sudan's Vice President Ali Osman Taha confirmed that several relief groups had been expelled, because "they are breaking the law of the country".
He did not elaborate, but said Sudan remained "committed to the implementation of the agreement we signed with the UN and other NGOs."
International aid agency Oxfam said its licence to operate in northern Sudan had been revoked, but had appealed to Khartoum to reverse the decision.
"If Oxfam's registration is revoked, it will affect more than 600,000 Sudanese people whom we provide with vital humanitarian and development aid, including clean water and sanitation on a daily basis," said Oxfam's international director, Penny Lawrence.
The French medical aid organisation Doctors Without Borders (MSF) said it had been ordered to withdraw its non-local staff from Darfur. Khartoum told the organisation it was unable to ensure their safety.
"The government of Sudan has ordered MSF to evacuate all its international personnel from a certain number of projects in western and southern Darfur by March 4 at the latest," MSF said in a message posted on its website.
An MSF official said about 70 people, including foreigners and Sudanese from outside Darfur, were pulled out on Tuesday from four towns in the western region.
As a result, civilians in some parts of Darfur were left without access to medical care, notably in Niertiti where there is an outbreak of meningitis, the organisation said.
Its sister agency MSF Holland was also expelled, leaving more than 200,000 patients without their medical care, the NGO said in a statement.
"It is absurd that we as an independent and impartial organization have been caught up in a political and judicial process," said its operational director Arjan Hehenkamp.
The Norwegian Refugee Council said it too had been ordered to leave north Sudan.
Other agencies believed to have been told to leave include Care, Action Contre La Faim, the International Rescue Committee and Mery Corps.
Last month, Khartoum accused a number of NGOs it did not name of colluding with their own governments and warned them to stay clear of Sudanese politics.
"We know that some NGOs are governmental," Humanitarian Affairs Commission chief Hassabo Mohammed Abdel Rahman said.
"We see in practice and implementation more involvement of politicians, either ambassadors or governments within these NGOs."
Sudan has in the past expelled NGO workers and diplomats, especially those working in Darfur.

10. Read the Reuters article to find out more background

11. Choose one NGO Create a Fakebook profile of your chosen NGO
You must provide examples and case studies that can be used by others as evidence in the exam
You must make explicit links to the concepts of power, sovereignty and the nation state
You must make it clear which level of analysis applies

12. Home learning…MNCs? Research into one Multinational Corporation:
When were they founded.
Which countries do they operate in?
What is their revenue – how does that compare to some of the countries they operate?
Are there any examples of them using their financial power to subvert the sovereignty of a country?