1. The Scientific Revolution

2. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
The voyages of discovery and colonization
Ancient & Medieval works translated into Latin, then vernacular languages
New inventions & institutions that promoted sharing of knowledge

3. Aristotle Old Belief: the world is flat, covered by a bowl above
New Theory: Geocentric Theory – the world is round, and is the center of the universe
Findings: Uses logical reasoning
Reactions: affirms religious teachings
Impact: theories last for over 1,000 years

4. Nicolaus Copernicus Old Belief: Geocentric theory
New Theory: Heliocentric Theory – the sun is at the center of the universe
Findings: Maps the sky for 20 years
Reactions: Disbelief and outrage – “this goes against the church’s teachings!”
Impact: Father of modern Astronomy

5. Tycho Brahe & Johannes Kepler
Old Belief: Geocentric theory (perfectly circular orbits, universe never changes)
New Theory: Geo-Heliocentric theory, elliptical orbits, universe is changing
Findings: View a supernova, use complex mathematics to prove theory
Reactions: Disbelief
Impact: No credit until after death

6. Galileo Galilei
Old Belief: Geocentric theory, universe is perfect & unchanging
New Belief: Universe is imperfect & changing
Findings: Creates telescope to view the heavens
Reactions: Attacked by the Inquisition – spends rest of life under house arrest
Impact: Discovery of Jupiter’s moons, sun spots, and visual proof of Helocentricity

7. Isaac Newton
Old Belief: Geocentric theory, spirits control the movement of heavenly bodies
New Belief: Heliocentric theory, gravity
Findings: Complex mathematics prove Newton’s “3 laws”
Reactions: wide-spread acceptance
Impact: Father of engineering and physics

8. Rene Descartes
Old Belief: Math and philosophy should be separate sciences
New Belief:
Math and philosophy can be used together to do amazing things
Everything should be questioned
Findings: Cartesian coordinates, no limits to God’s creation
Reactions: Math was controversial, but logical reasoning was supported
Impact: Father of Geometry and Western Philosophy

9. Francis Bacon
Old Belief: logic and reason are sufficient to prove a scientific belief
New Belief: experimentation is necessary to prove a theory
Findings: creates the Scientific Method
Reactions: ignored by Queen Elizabeth, but knighted by James I
Impact: father of “empiricism” – knowledge can only come from experimentation

10. Galen of Pergamum Old Belief: Body is controlled by spirits and humors
New Belief: Body can be understood through examination
Findings: Dissection of animals to learn about human body
Reactions: Acceptance – God made all of us after all
Impact: Founder of anatomy – theories untested for over 1,000 years!

11. Andreas Vesalius Old Belief: Dissection of bodies is a sin
New Belief: Human dissection is essential to medicine
Findings: Dissected human corpses to prove theories
Reactions: Acceptance – can’t argue with physical evidence
Impact: Founder of modern science of anatomy and physiology

12. William Harvey Old Belief: Food is turned into blood in the heart
New Belief: The heart constantly recycles the same blood
Findings: Observed a still-beating heart
Reactions: Many unwilling to accept his theories
Impact: Father of physiology – how the body works
Capacity of heart =1.5 ounces
Each pump = , 1/8 of blood expelled.
Estimates 1/6 oz. of blood went through heart each pump
Estimates heart beats 1000 times every 30 mins
This would require 10 pounds 6 ounces of blood to be created in 30 mins
Liver would have to produce 540 pounds of blood in a day.