1. Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Machine Guidance and Collision Avoidance Systems Released: February, 2011

2. 2 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Overview Machine Guidance and Situation Awareness Fixed Hazard Warnings Proximity Warnings Spatial Orientation Warnings Integration with Active systems Summary

3. 3 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Machine Guidance and Situation Awareness Situation Awareness (SA) is the key to safety Poor SA has been identified in a number of studies as one of the key contributors to accidents attributed to human error Improving Situation Awareness is the main focus of current Collision Avoidance technologies Machine guidance is all about Situation Awareness Put the plan on the machine Eliminate the need for survey stakeout and check... And so forth... All of these characteristic depend on knowing where the machine is in 3 dimensions and helping the operator understand this relationship between the real world and the digital model

4. 4 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Machine guidance systems Are systems for improving operator Situation Awareness Mature technology becoming almost ubiquitous for mobile equipment, heavy vehicles and plant Generally well understood as tools for production and utilisation improvement Less well understood as safety systems Anecdotal information shows that collision incidents are substantially reduced by correct use of machine guidance e.g. Stockpiles, underground workings etc. Are PASSIVE collision avoidance capabilities: Fixed Hazard Warnings; that is relationship to known, fixed hazards Proximity Warnings; that is, relationship to other machines Spatial Orientation Warnings: pitch/roll, speed With open systems approach can be integrated with other Passive systems from multiple vendors Are the base building block for augmentation with ACTIVE collision avoidance technologies such as RF, Video, Microwave, Fatigue Monitoring and so forth

5. 5 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Machine Guidance Operator View Offset to Pivot Line Cut/Fill Plan View Section View Rear View Pitch/Roll

6. 6 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd GNSS module: determines the position of the machine in 3 dimensions Sensors: to detect machine related states, e.g. tilt sensors measure the pitch and roll of the machine Communications: provides connection to site IT infrastructure Machine Computer: provides operator interaction and runs the control software A machine guidance system Every machine guidance system comprises four basic modules:

7. 7 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd ACTIVE Systems Systems view of machine guidance and safety Machine Guidance System PASSIVE Communications System GNSS Operator Video Microwave Fatigue Monitoring Other PASSIVE Systems

8. 8 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Machine Guidance - fixed hazard warnings Capability of many current machine guidance solutions Alerts the operator when the machine is approaching too closely to predefined fixed hazards The Warning surface forms part of the design file Hazards are defined as 3D surfaces or polylines Typical applications: Operating near old mine workings or other geologically unsafe areas Working near fixed or temporary infrastructure Defining safe tramming routes around a site Working around stockpiles

9. 9 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Hazardous areas - stockpiles

10. 10 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Example Stockpile Design Reclaimer valve Stockpile Base Lighting Tower Stockpile Boundary Design ViewOperator View Lighting Tower Stockpile Boundary Reclaimer Valve Stockpile Base

11. 11 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Machine Guidance - fixed hazard examples Normal operation Alert mode Plan view DANGER ZONE

12. 12 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Machine Guidance - fixed hazard examples Reversing truck can see what is around the vehicle Location of Edge of Dump shown relative to truck Warning alerts when close to Edge of Dump

13. 13 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Strengths Very simple to use Predictable level of accuracy Works independently of wireless communications Repeatable results Any structure can be mapped and used as a warning zone Conditions Needs good GNSS coverage Accuracy is a function of the GNSS receiver selected Where high precision is required, redundant corrections data channels should be considered Machine Guidance - fixed hazard warnings

14. 14 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Machine Guidance - Proximity warnings Described as early as 2001as a prospective safety system 1 Capability of some current machine guidance solutions Communicates a machine's current GNSS derived 3D location to others on the site Warns the operator when another machine comes within a predefined safe working zone Operates regardless of machine working direction, lighting or weather conditions Requires a wireless network between machines 1. Nieto, A, 2001, Development of a real time Proximity Warning and 3D mapping system..., Colorado School of Mines, Golden

15. 15 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Machine Guidance - Proximity examples Dozers working on same bench

16. 16 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Machine Guidance - Proximity examples 1 2 3 4

17. 17 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Machine Guidance – Spatial warnings Warnings based on safe spatial orientation of machines Pitch and Roll limits Speed Direction of travel Safe swing zones

18. 18 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Strengths Very simple to use Repeatable results Predictable accuracy Based on mature technology – machine guidance Conditions Some warnings need GNSS coverage (e.g. rotation, speed) Machine Guidance – Spatial warnings

19. 19 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Guardvant ProxAssist – ACTIVE Collision avoidance Integrated with GNSS Redundant ACTIVE systems 1-8 patented Radar detectors 1-8 IR Cameras Guardvant AwareAssist - Fatigue Monitoring Independent of lighting conditions Operates through sunglasses Detects micro sleep and distraction events Adjustable thresholds for fatigue alarms Automatic login based on facial recognition ACTIVE Augmentation

20. 20 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd Machine Guidance and Collision Avoidance Machine guidance is a mature technology, rapidly becoming ubiquitous on heavy mobile equipment It is an existing platform forming a key element in site wide collision avoidance solutions It is a capability many sites have, but are unaware of, or are not leveraging effectively

21. 21 Innovate Integrate Deliver Copyright © 2011 Automated Positioning Systems Pty Ltd APS small fleet solutions Soil Compactors Graders Scrapers Wheel Loaders Dozers Light Vehicles Blast Hole Drills Surface Miners Excavators & Shovels Telemetry Haul Trucks Data collection & analysis Management systems Auxiliary Equipment www.apsmining.com Hydraulic Rock Drills