1. Perovskite Solar Cells Go Lead Free
Antonio Abate 
Joule 
Volume 1, Issue 4, Pages (December 2017)
DOI: /j.joule
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2. Joule 2017 1, DOI: ( /j.joule )
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3. Figure 1 ABX3 Perovskite Crystal Structure
A is an organic or inorganic cation filling the empty space in the middle of the unit cell highlighted in blue, B is a divalent metal depicted as a sphere in the corners of the unit cells in blue, and X is a halide depicted as purple sphere. The halide perovskite structure was reported for the first time by Weber in 1978.
Joule 2017 1, DOI: ( /j.joule )
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4. Figure 2 Toxic Heavy Metals Entering the Food Chain
(1) Industrial activates release metals in the environment. (2) Water transports metals into plants, which small fishes consume. (3) Larger fishes consume small contaminated fish. (4) Humans consume contaminated fish. Heavy metals accumulate up the food chain; thus, more in human than in any species lower down in the chain. Source: US Environmental Protection Agency.
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5. Figure 3 Potential Lead-free Perovskites
(A) Schematic showing the perovskite structure with two divalent metals (M2+: Ge, Sn, Pb) replaced by a combination of monovalent (M+: Na, K, Rb, Cu, Ag, Au, In, Tl) and trivalent (M3+: Sb, Bi) metals.
(B) Matrix displaying the calculated properties relevant for photovoltaic performances such as decomposition enthalpy (ΔH), band gap, carrier effective masses (me*, mh*), and exciton binding energy (ΔEb).
Source: Zhao et al.28
Joule 2017 1, DOI: ( /j.joule )
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