1. What parts make up a story?
Literary Elements
What parts make up a story?

2. Story are made up of 4 parts:
Setting
Characters
Plot
Climax
Resolution
Theme

3. SETTING
WHEN? WHERE?
MOOD? TONE?

4. Setting Time and place where the action occurs
Clues that tell you SETTING:
Furniture
Scenery
Customs
Transportation
Clothing
Dialects
Weather
Time of day
Time of year

5. Elements of a Setting

6. The Functions of a Setting
To create a mood or atmosphere
To show a reader a different way of life
To make action seem more real
To be the source of conflict or struggle
To symbolize an idea
Thomas Kincaid painting-
If a narrative begins in this painting,
what mood and tone is it setting?
Where does it take place? When?
How does this warm, fuzzy setting
affect the story?

7. WHO IS IT? WHY IS HE THAT WAY? HOW DOES HE AFFECT THE STORY?
CHARACTERS
WHO IS IT?
WHY IS HE THAT WAY?
HOW DOES HE AFFECT THE STORY?

8. Types of Characters Protagonist-main character
Antagonist-against the main character
Secondary characters
Static characters-don’t change, have no depth
Dynamic characters-interesting, change throughout book

9. Characterization
A writer reveals what a character is like and how the character changes throughout the story.
Two primary methods of characterization:
Direct- writer tells what the character is like
Indirect- writer shows what a character is like through actions, speech, or thoughts of other characters.

10. Direct Characterization
…And I don’t play the dozens or believe in standing around with somebody in my face doing a lot of talking. I much rather just knock you down and take my chances even if I’m a little girl with skinny arms and a squeaky voice, which is how I got the name Squeaky.
From “Raymond’s Run” by T. Bambara

11. Indirect Characterization
“I will do that, Ramona,” said the lawyer. “But be careful. He is a devious, danger man.”
-pp. 33 Esperanza Rising by Pam Muñoz Ryan

12. Elements of Character

13. Factors in Analyzing Characters
Physical appearance of character
Personality
Background/personal history
Motivation
Relationships
Conflict
Does character change?

14. WHAT IS HAPPENING? WHY? WHY DOES IT MATTER?
PLOT
WHAT IS HAPPENING?
WHY?
WHY DOES IT MATTER?

15. Plot
Plot is what happens and how it happens in a narrative. A narrative is any work that tells a story, such as a short story, a novel, a drama, or a narrative poem.

16. Parts of a Plot
Exposition-introduction to story where setting, main characters, conflict, mood, and tone are introduced.
Rising Action- events that occur as result of central conflict.
Climax- point where protagonist makes a profound change.
Falling Action- where loose ends are tied up, especially in side-stories.
Resolution- when conflict ends.

17. Diagram of Plot Climax Falling Action Rising Action
Resolution/Denouement
Exposition

18. Special Techniques of Plot
Suspense- excitement or tension.
Foreshadowing- hint or clue about what will happen in story.
Flashback- interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past.
Surprise Ending- conclusion that reader does not expect.
Cliffhanger- when a narrative lacks a satisfying resolution.

19. Conflict Conflict is a struggle between opposing forces
Every plot must contain some kind of conflict
Stories can have more than one conflict
4 main types of conflict:
Man vs. man- protagonist struggles against another character in the narrative
Man vs. self- protagonist has internal struggle against some problem within himself
Man vs. nature- protagonist struggles against an element of nature (like a blizzard or an animal)
Man vs. society- protagonist against a social injustice, like racism or an unfair government

20. WHAT CAN THE READER LEARN FROM THIS NARRATIVE?
THEME
WHAT CAN THE READER LEARN FROM THIS NARRATIVE?

21. Theme
A central message, concern, or insight into life expressed through a literary work
Can be expressed by one or two sentence statement about human beings or about life
Interpretation uncovers the theme-it is usually not directly stated by the author

22. Example of Theme
“Every man needs to feel allegiance to his native country, whether he always appreciates that country or not.”
From “A Man Without a Country” by Edward Hale pg. 185 in Prentice Hall Literature book

23. Example of what ISN’T a theme:
“Love”
Love is not a lesson you learn from a narrative. It is an idea, not a theme.
“In order to truly love someone else, you must first love yourself.”
This is a lesson you can learn about love from a narrative, therefore this is a THEME.