2. Engineering Design Challenge: Spaghetti Tower To construct a tower as high as possible using spaghetti and marshmallows There are many ways of building towers using spaghetti and marshmallows.

3. Scientific Method The steps : Ask a Question Do Background Research
Construct a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
Communicate Your Results

4.
The Eiffel Tower in Paris is possibly the most famous tower in the world. This iron tower, built in the French capital between 1887 and 1889, was designed by the engineer Gustave Eiffel. Because Eiffel had built many bridges, he understood that the tower needed to be able to withstand high winds. So he used a lot of maths to work out what the design of the tower needed to be.

5. Cranes
The first cranes were made in Ancient Greece and were used for building. Cranes are used for lifting and moving objects, most often at a height. They generally use a series of cables and a metal tower structure. All cranes have a counterweight to stop them toppling over when they are lifting heavy objects.

6. Cranes
The first cranes were made in Ancient Greece and were used for building. Cranes are used for lifting and moving objects, most often at a height. They generally use a series of cables and a metal tower structure. All cranes have a counterweight to stop them toppling over when they are lifting heavy objects.

7. Which is stronger

8. Question: Do you think a wide base or a narrow base will result in a taller tower?

9. Hypothesis: If I build a wide base, then I will have a taller tower.

10. Identification of Variables
Independent Variables:
(What I can control)
2-D Geometric Shapes
Triangle
Square
Circle (Polygon)
3-D Geometric Shapes
Pyramid
Cube
Cylinder or Sphere
Dependent Variable:
(Beats me I don’t know)
Height

11. V
Squares and Cubes of fixed sizes Prove or disprove the hypothesis You may or may not have built the tallest tower Gain Scientific Knowledge

13. No Single “Correct" Solution or Approach
“EXPLORER" METHOD
Typically used for new design ideas or research.
It is useful in initial design and specification stages,
and is often used when in "unfamiliar territory“
Move in some direction
Look at what you find there
Record what you find in your notebook
Analyze findings in terms of where you want to be
Use results of analysis to choose next direction
Back to 1 and continue exploring

14. Summary
A Scientist asks a question and develops an experiment, or set of experiments, to answer that question.
An Engineer uses the engineering design process to create new solutions to problems
Both gain scientific knowledge

15. Objective:
Construct a tower as high as possible using spaghetti (members) and marshmallows (joints).  Pieces of spaghetti (members) may be broken into desired lengths.

16. Instructions
Build the tallest tower you can out of marshmallows (joints) and spaghetti (members).
The catch? You've got a budget of only 400 euro. One piece of spaghetti (member) costs ten euro and each marshmallow (joint) costs five euro.
In your group plan how you are going to build the tower . You can all sketch a design and then compare your designs and buildings.
Have a member from your group be the banker. They will keep track of how much your team spends.  Each time you need materials, go to the banker. If you buy materials you decide not to use, you may return them to the banker for money.
Before you begin building or buying your materials, draw your design. Figure out ways to make the tower taller and sturdier.
Now test your designs by building your towers.
How will you make your tower both tall AND sturdy? Are there adjustments to the design that you need to make?

20. Discussion
What building techniques make the tower stronger?
Does the placing of the marshmallows affect the strength of the tower?
Could you build a stronger tower with more of the same materials? What alternative materials would be better?
Does the size of the base alter the strength of the tower?
Is it possible to make a bridge using a similar method? How could you test it?
How do you think you worked as a group? Did you assume different roles? Did all groups work in the same way?

21. Properties of Dry Strand of Spaghetti and Mini-Marshmellow
Tension Force
Compression Force
Marshmallows do not hold up to tension
Spaghetti cannot hold much tension; therefore, it breaks very easily
Marshmallows handle compression
Spaghetti cannot hold much compression; therefore, its breaks very easily

22. Problem Solving Tension Force Compression Force
Strategy – Fresh marshmallows are more sticky and grip spaghetti
Strategy – Double up the spaghetti strands (two strands side by side) for extra strength, especially at the foundation
Strategy – Push spaghetti deep into marshmallow
Strategy – Use marshmallows side by side for extra strength and use small pieces of spaghetti to pin marshmallows

23. String handles tension String does not handle compression
Properties of String
Tension Force Compression Force
String handles tension String does not handle compression

24. Design The Tallest Spaghetti Tower That Can Withstand A Load
Materials :
Uncooked spaghetti
1 m. masking tape
1 m. kite string
On large marshmallow placed on top (load)
Scissors
Ruler
12” piece of cardboard (build & move tower)
Option: Substitute 30 mini-marshmallows
for 1 m. masking tape

25. Design the Tallest Spaghetti Tower That Can Withstand The Largest Load
Option:
Which Spaghetti Tower has the best Structure Effectiveness
Structure Effectiveness = (maximum weight structure can hold) / (weight of structure alone)
Weight tower structure
Place a 3x5 file card on top of Tower and add units of mass (washers or pennies) until structural failure

26. Design the Tallest Earthquake Proof Spaghetti Tower
Build a simple, non-motorized earthquake “shake” table
Allow movement in 6 directions:
Back-and forth
side to side, and
up-and-down
To survive an earthquake test, the building must not collapse for 10 seconds after the earthquake begins.

27. Design The Tallest Earthquake Proof Spaghetti Tower Challenge
Materials :
20 strands of uncooked spaghetti
1 m. masking tape
1 m. kite string
Scissors
Ruler
Meter Stick
12” square of cardboard (build & move tower)
Earthquake “Shake” Table
Option: Substitute 30 mini-marshmallows
for 1 m. of masking tape

28. Types Of Waves
Longitudinal Wave
Traverse Wave

29. WAVE
A disturbance that travels through a medium, transporting energy from one location (its source) to another location without transporting matter.
Particles of the medium move
in a direction perpendicular to
the wave motion direction
Particles of the medium move
in a direction parallel to
the wave motion direction

30. Simple Non-Motorized Shake Table
Materials:
Piece of board or plywood into a 12” square
2” x 4” Frame that fits around the wood square with around 1/2” clearance between the outer edge of the square and the inside edge of the frame
Eight Wood Screws
Eight Rubber bands (32 or 64)

31. Assembly:
Mount 2 wood screws on the under side each side of the plywood with ¼” sticking up
Mount wood screws on the top edge of each side of the frame with ¼ “ sticking up
Loop a rubber band around each pair of screws so that the plywood square is suspended like a trampoline within the frame
Option: Motorize the Shake Table
Attach a cell phone underneath the plywood, set to vibrate (vibration motor); then call phone

32. Measuring Earthquakes Richter Scale (Math Scale x 10)

33. Modified Saffir - Simpson Scale (Math Scale x 30 increase in Energy)

34. Design The Tallest Hurricane Proof Spaghetti Tower
Materials :
20 strands of uncooked spaghetti
1 m. masking tape
1 m. kite string
Scissors
Ruler
Meter Stick
Three speed Box Fan
12” square of cardboard (build & move tower)
Option: Substitute 30 mini-marshmallows
for 1 m. of masking tape

35. Measuring Hurricanes Saffir - Simpson Scale

36. Measuring Tornadoes Enhanced Fujita Scale