1. Cardiovascular System Notes

2. Introduction
Cardiovascular system: delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells of body tissue
Heart (muscular pump)
Blood vessels (fuel line and transportation network)
What are three types of blood vessels in the body?
What are the primary differences between them? (See the next slide.)

3. Blood Vessels and the Circulation of Blood
Arteries are the vessels that lead away from the heart.
Veins have thinner walls than arteries and move deoxygenated blood toward the heart from the tissues.
Capillaries are the smallest vessels. They form the point of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into body cells and waste products coming from body cells.
What are smaller branches of arteries called? (Arterioles)
What are small veins that carry waste-filled blood back to the heart called? (Venules)

4. Blood Vessels Point out the discrete layers of each vessel.
Compare and contrast the substructures of each type of vessel.
Why is the muscle layer in an artery thicker than that of a vein?

5. Blood Circulation/Systemic Circulation
Pulmonary: carries
deoxygenated blood
away from the heart. Systemic: carries
oxygenated blood
back to heart
Make sure students understand this basic flow in order to fully understand the pathology.
The anatomic terminology here is often associated with any pathology.

6. Anatomy of the Heart
Fill in the identified structures and mention their specific functions. Identify the major valves of the heart and important blood vessels.
Which of the four chambers has the thickest walls and why? (The left ventricle walls are three times the thickness of the right ventricle walls; it requires great force to pump blood throughout the body.)

7. Major Valves of the Heart
Tricuspid valve (cusps are flaps of the valves): between the right atrium and right ventricle
Pulmonary valve: between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Mitral valve: between the left atrium and left ventricle
Aortic valve: between the left atrium and aorta
Point these out on the diagram from the previous slide.

8. Pathway of Blood through the Heart
Go through each step of how the blood travels through the heart.

9. Heartbeat Two phases of the heartbeat: Diastole: relaxation
Systole: contraction
What might happen if the heart beats too fast or too slow?
Which valves open and which valves close during diastole? (The tricuspid and mitral valves open as blood passes from the right and left atria into the ventricles. The pulmonary and aortic valves close.)

10. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure: The force that blood exerts on arterial walls
Expressed as a fraction:
systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
Example: 110/80 mm Hg
Hypertension (high blood pressure) : when BP > 140/90 mm Hg
How does the sphygmomanometer work?
Compare this device to over-the-counter electronic monitors.
What effect does exercise have on blood pressure measurements?
What causes increases and decreases in blood pressure?

11. Pathology: 1.) Congenital heart defects= born with
2.) Arrhythmias (without normal heart rhythm)
3.) Fibrillation
AF: most common type of cardiac arrhythmia, Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing atria quiver instead of contracting a coordinated rhythm.
VF: Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles. This life threatening situation may result in sudden cardiac arrest or death.
What device establishes normal heart rhythm?
What term describes the action of applying a defibrillator to give an electric shock to the heart?
On the list, which terms are associated with “palpitations”?

12. More Pathologies:Vocabulary to Know
*Atherosclerosis- Deposition of fatty compounds of inner lining of coronary arteries.
*Thrombotic occlusion: blockage of coronary artery by clot.
*Ischemia- Blood flow is decreased or stopped completely, leads to necrosis.
*Necrosis: Death of part of the myocardium.
*Infarction: heart attack, and area of necrosis is known as infarct.
What is atherosclerosis? (The deposition of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries)
What is ACS? (It describes the consequences after plaque rupture in coronary arteries.)
What is unstable angina? (Chest pain at rest or chest pain of increasing frequency)

13. Clinical Procedures: Treatment
1.) Cardioversion: defibrillation
2.) Carotid Endarterectomy: surgical removal of plaque from inner layer of carotid artery. Fatty deposits and thromboses (clots) are removed to open clogged arteries.
3.) Heart transplantation
Use photographs or online images to show some of the equipment used routinely to diagnose and treat the heart during acute abnormalities.

14. Clinical Procedures: Treatment Continued…
4.) Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
A) A section of a vein is removed from the leg and anastomosed (bind together) to a coronary artery to bypass an area of blockage.
B) An internal artery is grafted to a coronary artery to bypass blockage.

15. Treatment Procedures Stent, Balloon Angioplasty, or Angioplasty
5.) Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)