1. Plural Nouns

2. Rule 1 Examples: If a noun ends with: s, sh, z, ch, x Then add: -es
Watches
buzzes
Buses
Crashes
Churches
Boxes
Gases
Dishes

3. Rule 2
If a noun ends with: consonant + y Then: change y to i add -es
Examples:
Babies
Duties
Families
Batteries
Histories
Memories

4. Rule 3 Examples: If a noun ends with: vowel + y Then add: -s Joys
Monkeys
Essays
keys

5. Rule 4
If a noun ends with: f or fe Then: add –s Or change f to v and add -es
Examples:
Wives
Lives
Giraffes
Knives
Elves
Shelves
Cliffs
Wolves

6. Rule 5 Examples: If a noun ends with: consonant + o Then add: -es
Zeroes
Tomatoes
Potatoes

7. Rule 6
If a noun ends with: us (Latin origin) Then: change us to i
Examples:
Alumni
Cacti
Fungi
Nuclei

8. Irregular Plurals Some common irregular plurals:
Some nouns do not change:
Men
People
Women
Mice
Children
Oxen
Teeth
Geese
Feet
Fish
Shrimp
Deer
Salmon
Moose
Species
Aircraft
Offspring
Buffalo

9. Singular
Plural
Man Woman
Men’s Club Women’s Club