1. Regular Day 31 AB Research
Infinitives
Appositives
Return Outlines
Drafting
No “you”:
You have to watch out for biting monkeys.
Zoo visitors have to watch out for biting monkeys.
No “I”
I think biting monkeys are mean.
Biting monkeys are mean.
Drafts due Tuesday

2. To succeed takes courage, foresight and luck.
An infinitive is a verb form that comes after the word “to” and functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
To succeed takes courage, foresight and luck.
Alone in her cubicle, all she wanted was to survive.
Afraid to move, she froze in terror.
His goal, to break into Fort Knox, was never achieved.
The student’s hope was to finish the paper before school started.
Don’t confuse infinitives with prepositional phrases that begin with “to.” Remember that a preposition always ends with a noun or pronoun; an infinitive always ends with a verb.
Rozakis, Laurie. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Grammar and Style. New York: Alpha Books, 1997 (138-39).

3. The infinitive phrase includes the infinitive and the object of the infinitive or any modifiers related to the infinitive.
[In the following examples, the infinitive is bold and the infinitive phrase is underlined.]
Even in New York, fans did not manage to buy the hype.
TO BUY is the direct object of the verb DID MANAGE. THE HYPE is the object of the infinitive.
The seemingly simple decision to appoint a Democrat caused controversy.
TO APPOINT is an adjective modifying DECISION. A DEMOCRAT is the object of the infinitive.
The gap provides a way to give Democratic candidates an edge in close elections
TO GIVE is an adjective modifying WAY. The object of the infinitive is CANDIDATES.
The respondents believe their neighbors are willing to vote for a woman.
TO VOTE is an adverb modifying the predicate adjective WILLING. In other words, it tells us the degree to which they are willing.
Two nonprofit organizations from opposite sides of the political spectrum plan to release a report blasting 25 Army Corps of Engineers water projects
TO RELEASE is the direct object of the verb PLAN. REPORT is the object of the infinitive. FYI: BLASTING is a participle modifying REPORT.
The corps has been trying to recast itself in a more ecosensitive light.
TO RECAST is the direct object of the verb HAS BEEN TRYING. ITSELF ( a reflexive pronoun) is the object of the infinitive.
Now Congress has to decide whether it wants to continue to be part of the problem, or if it wants to be part of the solution.
TO CONTINUE is the direct object of the verb WANTS. TO BE the object of the infinitive TO CONTINUE. PART is the object of the infinitive TO BE.

4. Bob’s car, a wreck, died a grisly death by the side of the interstate.
Appositives are nouns or pronouns that rename another noun or pronoun. Appositives are placed directly after the noun or pronoun they modify.
Bob’s car, a wreck, died a grisly death by the side of the interstate.
Spot, a cat, should understand my moods.
She, my friend, is always late.
Some appositives are essential to the meaning of the sentence; others are not.
Be sure to use commas carefully to establish meaning with essential and nonessential appositives.
Do you know my friend Bill?
Is Bill the friend or is the speaker talking to Bill?
Do you know my friend, Bill?

5. Appositives phrases are nouns or pronouns with modifiers
Appositives phrases are nouns or pronouns with modifiers. Appositive phrases provide additional information and description to the sentence. As with solitary appositives, appositive phrases are placed near the noun or pronoun they describe.
Columbia University, the second-largest land-owner in New York City, is part of the Ivy League.
David Prowse, the guy in the Darth Vader suit in the Star Wars movie, did not find out that his lines were going to be dubbed over by James Earl Jones until he saw the screening of the movie.

6. Appositive: A word, phrase or clause that means the same thing as (i.e., synonym) or further explains another noun (pronoun). Non-restrictive appositives are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Restrictive appositives are essential to the meaning of the sentence.
1. NON-RESTRICTIVE:
Her husband, Fritz, is a nice guy.
We assume she has only one husband. Thus, commas are used.
The firm chose Mary, vice president of public affairs, as its chief executive officer.
Because we have identified the person by name, her title is additional information. It can be set off by commas. In other words, we could take it out and the meaning would not change.
The Grand Canyon, one of our nation's most popular tourist attractions, is breathtaking to behold.
Because we have identified the place by name, the rest is additional information. It can be set off by commas. In other words, we could take it out and the meaning would not change.
Neil Armstrong, the first man who walked on the moon, is a native of Ohio.
Because we have identified the person by name, the additional information is not restricted to the sentence. It can be set off by commas. In other words, we could take it out and the meaning would not change.
2. RESTRICTIVE:
Evan's friend John cheated on the test.
EVAN has more than one friend; therefore, no commas are used to set off JOHN. We need the name to know which friend we're talking about.
We students are happy with good grades.
STUDENTS identify who WE [subj.] are. If we remove it, WE does not have the same meaning.
She waited patiently for the famous author Stephen King.
STEPHEN KING identifies which famous author. There is no comma after AUTHOR because there are many famous authors.