1. Objective • Name and label cell organelles on diagrams and models
• List membranous and non-membranous organelles
• Match or select from a given list, functions of cell organelles
• Describe membrane transport processes
• Interpret the role of the transport processes in cell homeostasis in your own words
• Sequence and describe the phases of the Cell cycle and Somatic cell division ; match and select from a list with 100% accuracy
• Name and label diagrams

2. Secretion being released from cell by exocytosis Microfilament
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Plasma
membrane
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Cytosol
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Centrioles
Centrosome
matrix
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Microvilli
Secretion being released
from cell by exocytosis
Microfilament
Microtubule
Intermediate
filaments
Peroxisome
Figure 3.2

3. Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
Plasma Membrane
Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
Contains glycoprotein that provides:
Highly specific biological markers
These markers function in cells-cell recognition

4. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane
Double bilayer of lipids
With imbedded, dispersed proteins
Bilayer lipid consists of:
Phospholipids: have (bipoles):
hydrophobic tail (fatty acids)
hydrophilic head (phosphate-containing)
Glycolipids:
lipids with bound carbohydrate
Cholesterol

5. Fluid Mosaic Model
Figure 3.3

6. Types of membrane proteins
1- Integral Proteins:
Firmly inserted into the bilayer
Most are transmembraneous (protrude on both sides)
All have both hydrophilic & hydrophobic regions enabling them to interact with:
Nonpolar inner lipid tails
Water on both sides of the bilayer

7. Types of membrane proteins
2- Peripheral Proteins:
Not embedded in the lipid
Losely attached to:
Integral proteins, or
Membrane lipids
Easily removed w/out membrane disruption
Include a network of filaments that support the cell membrane from the cytoplasmic side

8. Functions of Membrane Proteins
Transport
Enzymatic activity
Receptors for signal transduction
Figure 3.4.1

9. Functions of Membrane Proteins
Intercellular adhesion
Cell-cell recognition
Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Figure 3.4.2

10. Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
Includes:
Cytosol
Organelles
Inclusions

11. Cytoplasmic organelles:
Cytosol:
largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes
Cytoplasmic organelles:
metabolic machinery of the cell
Inclusions:
chemical substances such as glycosomes (glycogen granules) and pigments

12. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Specialized cellular compartments
Membranous organelles:
Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus
Nonmembranous organelles:
Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes

13. Mitochondria Double membrane structure with shelf-like cristae
Provide most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
Contain their own DNA and RNA (self replicate)
Known as the “Power-house” of the cell

14. Ribosomes Granules composed of protein and an RNA (rRNA)
Made of two subunits (large and small subunits)
Site of protein synthesis
Found in two forms:
Free ribosomes:
Synthesize soluble proteins that function in cytosol
Membrane-bound ribosomes:
Synthesize proteins to be:
Part of the membranes, or
Exported from the cell.

15. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes
Continuous with the nuclear membrane
Two varieties: Rough ER and smooth ER

16. Rough (ER) External surface studded with ribosomes
Its ribosomes manufacture proteins
Storage and transport site for newly synthesized protein
It is, therefore, called cell’s “membrane factory”

17. Looping network of tubules communication with rER
Smooth ER
Looping network of tubules communication with rER
Does not participate in protein synthesis
Its enzymes catalyze reactions in various organs including :
Liver, testes, intestine, kidneys, & muscles
In the liver
Lipid and cholesterol metabolism
Breakdown of glycogen
Detoxification of drugs (also in the kidneys)

18. Stacked and flattened membranous sacs
Golgi Apparatus
Stacked and flattened membranous sacs
Receives ER transport vesicles that fuse at its cis face
Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins into membranous vesicles
Delivers processed proteins through its trans face
Secretory vesicles leave trans face to 1 of 3 pathways:
Release of content from the cell
Incorporation into the plasma membrane
Formation of lysosomes

19. Golgi Apparatus
Figure 3.20a

20. Role of the Golgi Apparatus
Secretion by exocytosis
Extracellular fluid
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Vesicle
Secretory vesicles
Proteins
Pathway 1
Golgi
apparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Figure 3.21

21. Role of the Golgi Apparatus
Secretion by exocytosis
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Vesicle incorporated
into plasma membrane
Coatomer
coat
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Vesicle
Pathway 2
Golgi
apparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Figure 3.21

22. Role of the Golgi Apparatus
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Lysosomes containing acid
hydrolase enzymes
Phagosome
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Vesicle
Pathway 3
Secretory vesicles
Golgi
apparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Figure 3.21

23. Role of the Golgi Apparatus
Secretion by exocytosis
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Vesicle incorporated
into plasma membrane
Coatomer
coat
Lysosomes containing acid
hydrolase enzymes
Phagosome
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Vesicle
Pathway 3
Pathway 2
Secretory vesicles
Proteins
Pathway 1
Golgi
apparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Figure 3.21

24. Lysosomes
Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
Perform metabolic functions (glycogen breakdown)
Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
Degrade nonfunctional organelles and nonuseful tissue
Breakdown bone to release Ca2+
If leaked can destroy the cell
Referred to as “suicide sacs” or “graveyard of the cell”

25. Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases
Particularly abundant in liver and kidney cells
Oxidases detoxify harmful and toxic substances
They convert dangerous free radicals to H2O2
Catalases convert H2O2 to water
Free radicals:
Highly reactive chemicals with free electrons (O2–)
They can scramble structure of biological molecules
Normal by-products of cellular metabolism

26. The “skeleton” of the cell Dynamic, elaborate series of rods
Cytoskeleton
The “skeleton” of the cell
Dynamic, elaborate series of rods
Run through the cytosol
Consists of:
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

27. Microtubules Dynamic, hollow tubes
Made of the spherical protein “tubulin”
Determine:
Overall cell shape
Organelle distribution

28. Intermediate Micro and Filaments
Intermediate fillaments:
Tough, insoluble protein fibers
With high tensile strength
Resist pulling forces on the cell
Microfilaments:
Dynamic strands of the protein “actin”
Attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane
Braces and strengthens the cell surface

29. Cytoskeleton
Figure 3.24a-b

30. Centrioles Barrel-shaped organelles Lie perpendicular to each others
Located near the nucleus
Array of microtubules (9 triplets)
Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis
Form the bases of cilia and flagella
Only sperm cells have flagella

31. Nucleus Composed of: Control center of the cell
Nuclear envelope
Nucleoli
Chromatin
Nucleoplasm (jellylike fluid)
Control center of the cell
Contains the genetic library
Dictates kinds & amounts of proteins synthesized

32. Selectively permeable double membrane barrier
Nuclear Envelope
Selectively permeable double membrane barrier
Contains pores lined with complex proteins
Outer membrane is:
Continuous with the rough ER
Studded with ribosomes
Inner membrane is:
Lined with the nuclear protein (maintains nucleus shape)
Encloses jellylike fluid called nucleoplasm

33. Nucleoli
Spherical bodies within the nucleus
Not membrane bound
Typically one or two per nucleus (can be more)
Site of ribosome production

34. Chromatin Threadlike strands composed of:
DNA (30%)
Histone proteins (60%)
Newly formed RNA (10%)
When the nucleus starts to divide, it forms:
Condensed, barlike bodies called chromosomes
Figure 3.29

35. Chromatin
Figure 3.29

36. Break Silde
Biol
Sep 12,’12