1. Part 11
1/15/2019

2. Week 16, 17, 18 and 19 The Atmosphere
Modules 3, 4, 7 and 8 in AP
The study of the Air and the Atmosphere and how we measure them
Movement of the Atmosphere - Air Masses, Winds and Storms
Weather Prediction
Next test: Week 19 T Jan 23/25 - covers the atmosphere and hydrosphere
Week 20 A Jan 30 - I will be away - analysis exercise
U of IL - Wx Course
Lyndon State Course
1/15/2019 2

3. Prep Questions Week 16 Week 17 Week 18 Week 19
(1) What role does the sun play in causing seasons and the weather?
(2) What is the composition of the air?
(3) What is the role of each component?
Week 17
(1) What are the 5 layers of the atmosphere?
(2) What is temperature?
(3) What is Ozone hole?
Week 18
(1) What factors influence the weather?
(2) What are the weather elements?
Week 19
(1) What are the factors that cause precipitation?
(2) What are the differences and common characteristics of a thunderstorm, tornado, hurricane and a nor'easter low pressure system?
1/15/2019

4. Current Weather Review 
Radar/Sat
US Radar
US Radar NWS
Goes Sat Page
US Sat IR
NRL Sat
US Sat Vis
NY VIS
Sfc Analysis NWS
Surface Plots
Surface 12 Hour Fcst
Surface 24 Hour Fcst
Surface 36 Hour Fcst
Surface 48 Hr Fcsts
Emergency
CURRENT SVR Wx RADAR
National Weather Situation Page  
Severe Weather Alert Link
Your Local Forecast
Local Fcsts
Rome NY 
 43.23°N 75.46°W 
Rome Griffiss Airfield
Lat:   Lon:   Elev: 504 ft Lat/Lon: 43.23°N 75.46°W   Elevation:482  
BGM Discussion 
Wx Maps
NAM
GFS
1. GFSx -Upper
2.GFSx-MRF- Precip
Long Range NWS Model
ECMWF
CPC
Datastreme
Climo
SYR CLIMO
CLIMO STAT CNY
ALB CLIMO
Other
NASA Solar Science
Solar-Sun Spot-Space-Wx
Sun & Moon Rise & Set Tables
Moon Phases
Your Sky Start Charts
Tides Maine
NOAA Space Wx
Forecast Central
1/15/2019

5. Tropical Systems: Tropical showers, depressions, storms and hurricanes (typhoons)
Tropical cyclone is the generic term used by the World Meteorological Organization to define weather systems developing over tropical or subtropical waters in which winds exceed 34 knots or 63 km/h. Tropical cyclones also have a definite organized surface circulation. Four conditions are necessary for the development of a tropical cyclone: 
A warm sea temperature in excess of 26 degrees Celsius or 79 degrees Fahrenheit. 
High relative humidity (degree to which air is saturated by vapor). 
Atmospheric instability. 
A location of at least latitude degrees from the Equator. 
There are four phases of development which are linked to to the associated wind intensities: 
Tropical Disturbance A weather system which gives rise to a specific area of cloudiness with embedded showers and thunderstorms.
Tropical Depression A tropical cyclone system with definite counter-clockwise wind circulation with maximum sustained winds of less than 38 mph (61 km/h). At this stage the system is given a number. 
Tropical Storm A tropical cyclone system, with maximum sustained surface winds greater than 38 mph (61 km/h), but less than 74 mph (119 km/h). At this stage the system is given a name. 
Hurricane A tropical cyclone with wind speed greater than 74 mph (119 km/h). The weather system is now better organised and the eye is well defined.
1/15/2019

6. 1/15/2019

7. Hurricane Formation and Life Cycle
The depression can continue to grow into a tropical storm. The tropical storm may begin to have well-developed feeder bands (also called rain bands).
As the tropical storm approaches hurricane intensity, an eye begins to form in the middle of the storm.
After reaching Hurricane strength the hurricane may continue to strengthen. There are five categories of hurricane based upon strength.
Finally at some point either because the storm moves into colder climates, overland or into a very unfavorable wind shear environment, the storm dissipates.
1/15/2019

8. 1/15/2019

9. Hurricane Anatomy
Eye - The eye is a region of clear or mostly clear skies. This is because the motion in the eye is downward, which causes adiabatic heating.
Eye wall - The eye is surrounded by the eye wall, an intense band of thunderstorms.
Feeder Bands - Strong squall lines that rotate around the eye wall like a pinwheel.
1/15/2019

10. 1/15/2019

11. 1/15/2019

12. 1/15/2019

13. 1/15/2019

14. 1/15/2019

15. Hurricane Damage
Most damage and destruction from hurricanes is not caused by the wind directly, but by the flooding caused by the torrential rains and storm surge.
The storm surge from a typhoon in Bangladesh in 1970 killed at least 200,000 and may have killed up to 500,000 people!
The right hand side of the storm (relative to its direction of motion) is where the highest winds (and greatest storm surge) are found. This is because the storms speed of advance is added to the wind circulating around the storm.
1/15/2019

16. 1/15/2019

17. CLASSIFICATION OF HURRICANES
The Saffir Simpson Scale is used to classify Hurricanes according to intensity. In this scale, hurricanes are classified into one of five categories as shown below. 
1/15/2019