1. Database Systems
Instructor Name:
Lecture-10

2. Contents Participation Constraints
Mandatory and Optional Cardinalities
Modeling Time Dependent Data
Multiple Relationships
Keys 2

3. Participation Constraint
It defines whether the existence of an entity depends on its being related to another entity via relationship type.
This is also alternative way to define minimum cardinality constraint and its implications (optional, mandatory) 3

4. Participation Constraint Types
Total Participation
Partial Participation 4

5. Case I – Total Participation
If company policy states that Every Employee Must work for a department, Then Employee Entity Only Exist if it participate in at least ONE work-for relationship
It is total participation as Every Entity Instance in the EMPLOYEE entity type must be related to a department via work-for relationship
Total Participation is also called Existence Dependency 5

6. Case II – Partial Participation
We do not expect every employee to manage a department, so the participation of employee in manage relationship is Partial
Some or part of employees from employee set are related to some departments; and not all employees. 6

7. Maximum Cardinality
Maximum Number of One Entity that may be associated with each instance of another Entity
Crow’s Foot 7

8. Crow’s Foot - Notations8

9. Relationships and Cardinalities – Mandatory Cardinality - Example9

10. Relationships and Cardinalities –Optional Cardinality - Example10

11. Cardinality Constraints on Ternary Relationship11

12. Multiple Relationship
In some situations an organisation may want to model more than one relationship between the same entity types
The following figure shows two relationships between PROFESSOR and COURSE
The relationship Is_Qualified associates professors with the courses they are qualified to teach
A given course may have more than one person qualified to teach it, or (optionally) may not have any qualified instructors (such as a new course)
Each professor should be qualified to teach at least one course (we hope!) 12

13. Multiple Relationship – Contd.
The second relationship in this figure associates professors with the courses they actually teach during a given semester (where the maximum cardinality for a given semester is 4)
This shows how a fixed constraint (upper or lower) can be recorded
The attribute ‘Semester’ (which could be a composite attribute with components ‘Semester_Name’ and ‘Year’) is on the relationship Is_Scheduled) 13

14. Multiple Relationship – Contd.
The second relationship in this figure associates professors with the courses they actually teach during a given semester (where the maximum cardinality for a given semester is 4)
This shows how a fixed constraint (upper or lower) can be recorded
The attribute ‘Semester’ (which could be a composite attribute with components ‘Semester_Name’ and ‘Year’) is on the relationship Is_Scheduled) 14

15. Multiple Relationship – Example15

16. Multiple Relationship – Example16

17. Keys
Primary Key: An attribute or combination of attribute that uniquely identifies each row in a relation
Composite Key: A primary key that consists of more than one attributes
Foreign Key: An attribute in a relation that serves as primary key of another relation in the same database 17

18. Resolve Multivalued, Composite and Many-to-Many Relationship
Keys – Contd.
Resolve Multivalued, Composite and Many-to-Many Relationship 18

19. Primary Key and Foreign Key Notations19

20. Table with Constraints
CREATE TABLE Show ( show_id NUMBER NOT NULL, category_id NUMBER NOT NULL, act_id NUMBER NOT NULL, venue_id NUMBER NOT NULL, showdate DATE NULL, CONSTRAINT XPKShow PRIMARY KEY (show_id), CONSTRAINT FKShow_Cat FOREIGN KEY (category_id) REFERENCES Category, CONSTRAINT FKShow_Venue FOREIGN KEY (venue_id) REFERENCES Venue, CONSTRAINT FKShow_Act FOREIGN KEY (act_id) REFERENCES Act ); 20

21. ???????????????? 21

22. Erroneous Relationship
Receives or summarize the data, transfer, translate or calculate data 22