1. A Review of Glycolysis
Glycolysis produces NADH but NAD+ must be regenerated.

2. Pyruvate Branch Point
Title slide - several ways to go

3. A Review of Glycolysis
Glycolysis produces ATP.

4. Net Reaction of Glycolysis
Net of glycolysis

5. Regeneration of NAD+ from NADH
NAD+ must be regenerated.Under aerobic conditions use the electron transport change and oxidative phosphorylation.

6. Regeneration of NAD+ from NADH
Under anaerobic conditions another acceptor must be used.

7. Fates of Pyruvate
The fates of pyruvate. Two reductions and one oxidation.

8. Lactate DH and Regeneration of NADH
Lactic acid dehydrogenase.
∆Gº= –25.1 kJ/mol

9. Lactate from Pyruvate
Pyruvate

10. Inefficient Anaerobic Metabolism
∆Gº
Get much more energy from aerobic metabolism.

11. Inefficient Anaerobic Metabolism
Anaerobic muscle
Sprinter, alligator, rhino, dinosaur
Erythrocytes
Deep sea animals
Anaerobic bacteria
Blood-living parasites
Trypanosomes
Who lives anaerobically?

12. Alcohol Fermentation in Yeast
Yeast makes ethanol.

13. Industrial Fermentations
Starch
Butanol
Acetone
Starch, molasses
Methanol
Ethanol
Formic Acid
Glycerol
Who says that biochemistry isn’t important?

14. Industrial Fermentations
Grape sugar
Wine
Champagne (CO2)
Milk sugar
Yogurt
Cabbage
Sauerkraut
Important industrial fermentations.

15. Industrial Fermentations
Cucumbers
Pickles
Cornstalks
Silage
More

16. Lactate Salvage: Gluconeogenesis
What do you do with the lactate? Recycle.
Some shared enzymes
Reciprocal regulation
In liver of mammals