1. Types of governments and religions
Prologue
Types of governments and religions

2. Governments Government = system for controlling society
As societies grow, common rules must be set to ensure peaceful society

3. Governments Monarchy Single person rules Usually called king or queen
Power is passed through from generation to generation

4. Governments Aristocracy Oligarchy
Government ruled by small, noble land-owning families
Rule through heredity
Power based on social class, wealth
Oligarchy
Government ruled by a few powerful people
Often develops from aristocracy when merchant class grows due to trade expansion
Rule based on wealth and/or ability

5. Governments Democracy Rule of the people
Only citizens have influence in governments
Different types of democracy
Direct Democracy = people decide on laws through voting
Democratic Republic = people elect their lawmakers

6. Governments Early statesmen
Solon: outlawed debt slavery; changes citizenship based on wealth, not heredity
Cleisthenes: founder of democracy in Athens; balanced power between rich and poor; allowed all citizens to suggest laws

7. Governments Rome establishes a republic
Patricians = aristocracy of Rome
Claim birthright gave them power to make laws
Plebeians = common citizens
Could not hold office
Twelve Tables
Rome’s laws written down
Advantage for plebeians

8. Religions Monotheism = believing in only one God
Ex: Judaism, Islam, Christianity
Polytheism = believing in more than one God
Ex: Hinduism
Shiva, a Hindu god

9. Religons Judaism Religion of the Hebrews Torah = religious text
Moses = leads the Jews out of Egypt
10 Commandments given to Moses from God
Laws with a moral code
First 4 = relationship with God
Last 6 = relationship with others

10. Religions Islam Based on the teachings of Muhammad
Followers called Muslims
God = Allah
Qur’an or Koran = holy book
Salvation achieved through 5 pillars of Islam
Faith
Prayer
Almsgiving
Fasting
Pilgrimage to Mecca

11. Religions Christianity One God Jesus Christ = messiah (savior)
Bible = holy book
Christianity spreads due to being banned by Roman Empire

12. Religions Hinduism Polytheistic Three main gods Soul constantly reborn
Enlightenment occurs when all earthly desires sacrificed – comes from lifetime of worship, knowledge, & virtue

13. Religions Buddhism Buddha = founder Nirvana (perfect happiness) = goal
Reached through elimination of attachment to worldly things
Nirvana achieved through eightfold path

14. Religions Confucianism Based on teachings of Confucius
Social order based on strong family relationships
Respect for parent = paramount
Education important for individual and society