1. Anatomy of Plants
Chapter 4

2. Prokaryotes No membrane enclosed organelles Considered primitive
Examples: Bacteria & Blue green algae

3. Eukaryotes Organelles bound with membranes
Organelles such as: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles etc.
Examples: plant & animal

4. Cell Walls Made of hemicellulose Protects the organelles
Give structure and support
Secondary cell walls are made up of cellulose, pectic, suberin, cutin, and lignins

5. Plasma Membrane The lipid bilayer membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Selective absorption

6. Protoplast Refers to the inside of the cell Cytoplasm:
The fluid surrounded by plasma membrane
Made up of proteins
Suspends the organelles

7. Organelles
Internal structures within the protoplast

8. Chloroplasts Responsible for photosynthesis Contains pigments
Solar energy is harvested
Made up of flattened discs called grana
Double membranes plastids

9. Mitochondria The manufacturing plant Site of respiration
Involved in producing ATP
Double membrane surrounding it

10. Nucleus Control center of the cell Contains chromosomal DNA
Double membrane which is porous to allow
material to pass in and out of the nucleus

11. Vacuoles 90% in mature cells Storage devices
Water, Sugar, Salts, and toxic waste

12. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Site of protein synthesis
Two types: Rough ER has ribosomes and
Smooth ER does not have ribosomes

13. Ribosomes
Decodes DNA
Contains RNA

14. Golgi Apparatus (Body)
Membrane bound
Packages energy
Delivers packaged energy to different parts of the cell

15. Tissues
Meristems
Apical
Subapical
Intercalary
Lateral/cambial

16. Permanent Tissue Epidermis Parenchyma Collenchyma, support function
Sclerenchyma, they make plant fibers or gritty cell like in pears

17. Complex Permanent Tissue
Xylem
Phloem

18. Structure of Primary Root

19. Structure of Primary Stem

20. Structure of leaves

21. Cell Division Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase