1. Learning Outcome 4
Understand the types, applications and limitations of wiring systems and associated equipment
This presentation looks at emergency management systems

2. Emergency management systems
Non-automatic
operator required
Automatic
no operator
no break
very short break – within 0.15s
short break – 0.15–05 seconds
lighting break – 0.5–5 seconds
medium break – 5–15 seconds
Batteries – fire alarms, emergency lighting
Diesel generators – essential services (hospitals, etc.)
Rotary systems – provides overlap between them
Speaker notes
A new section within BS 7671 (Chapter 56) covers general requirements for the selection and erection of supply systems for safety purposes (such as emergency lighting, fire detection and alarm systems and essential medical and industrial systems (such as air traffic control)).
Emergency management systems are classed as auto (no operator required) or non-automatic (operator required). The auto is further broken down in terms of how quickly the service is restored ranging from no break at all to medium break which is between 5 and 15 seconds to restore service.
The three traditional ways of giving backup service are: batteries, diesel generators or a rotary system that uses inertia of a continuously spinning wheel to provide short term provision.

3. Emergency management systems
Using a current version of BS 7671 look up and write down a summary of the following regulations:
560.6
560.7
Speaker notes
Give out some copies of the wiring requirements BS 7671 if the learners do not have their own copies and ask them to look up Chapter 56 for specific regulations on safety services.
Answers can be found in Candidate Handbook A – Unit ELTK 04, LO4.

4. Emergency lighting systems
Emergency escape lighting
enables safe exit on power-fail
Standby lighting
enables normal activity on power-fail
Escape route lighting
allows escape via direction-finding routes
Open area (or anti panic) lighting
direction-finding towards escape routes
High risk task area lighting
allows proper shut down in potentially dangerous areas
Speaker notes
Emergency lighting is required in an emergency because lack of light could put people at further risk if the main power supply fails.
EN 1838 specifies emergency lighting but there are actually several types as shown on the slide.
NB Text only signs have not been allowed since 1998; they must be replaced by a ‘running man’.

5. Emergency lighting systems
Duration
Category of system
Type of premises, which affects luminance levels
Type of system (self-contained or centrally fed)
Category of operation of luminaire
Mounting height and glare
Speaker notes
Ask: When selecting and installing an emergency lighting system, what points need consideration?

6. Emergency lighting systems
Maintained
Non-maintained
Sustained
Self-contained
You may see these codes – what do they mean? M3
NM2 S1
Speaker notes
Luminaires may be a combination of:
maintained – the luminaire will be lit during normal and power-fail conditions
non-maintained – the lamp will only be lit during power-fail conditions
sustained – the luminaire has two lamps: one is lit during normal conditions and the other during power-fail conditions
self-contained – the emergency luminaire has the necessary power backup contained within the luminaire such as a battery pack.
The codes mean:
M3 – maintained 3 hours
NM2 – non-maintained duration 2 hours
S1 – sustained system of emergency, duration 1 hour.

7. Categories of luminaires
Type
Mode of operation
Facilities
Duration
X = self-contained
Y = central supply
0 = non-maintained
1 = maintained
A = included test device
B = remote test mode
C = inhibiting mode
D = high-risk task area
10 = 10 minutes
60 = 1 hour
120 = 2 hour
180 = 3 hour
Speaker notes
Emergency luminaires are coded to provide the necessary categories of information. The facilities information would normally be added during installation.
Ask: What is a high-risk task area? (This is an area where a task must be performed before evacuation, e.g. shutting down a machine.)

8. Fire alarm systems Property protection Type ‘P’ P1 P2 Life protection
Type ‘L’ M L1 L2 L3
Look these up and write down what they mean. Remember – you may be fitting them so it’s important.

9. Types of fire detection system
Control panel
Wiring system
Manual call points
Automatic detectors
Sounders and, sometimes, visual indicators
Speaker notes
Typically, fire detection systems are either wired conventionally, as radial circuits, or addressable, in loop circuits. Addressable systems will give more precise information on the location of the fire whereas conventional circuit systems will simply alert you to a fire in a larger zone.
With advances in technology, systems are becoming much more complex with wireless systems or systems linked with emergency lighting systems. When linked with emergency lights, the system allows only escape routes to be illuminated which take people away from the fire and not towards it.
Ask: Why are fire detection systems divided into zones? (To allow easy location of a fire)

10. Control panel and wiring system
location
supply
Wiring system
wiring system for sounders
wiring system for detection circuits
Speaker notes
The location of the control panel is essential as this will provide the information necessary to identify the location of the fire. Control panels will normally incorporate batteries, allowing the system to operate if the power fails.
Ask: Where should the control panel be located in a building? (Front entrance)
Manual call points are commonly known as break glass units and the location of these devices is critical. Ask: Where should break glass units be installed? (Adjacent to escape doors and along escape routes)
The wiring system for the sounders (or other equipment essential during alarm conditions, such as automatic door releases) must be wired in fireproof cable such as mineral-insulated cable.
Detection circuits may be wired using other cable types but many local authorities prefer all parts of the system to be wired in fireproof cables.
Ask: As a fire alarm system is defined as a safety service in BS 7671, what general rule must apply to the wiring route and wiring support system? (It must be separated from all other systems.)

11. Fixed temperature heat detectors Rate of rise heat detectors
Automatic detectors
Fixed temperature heat detectors
Rate of rise heat detectors
Optical smoke detectors
Ionised smoke detectors
Speaker notes
Great care is needed in selecting the correct detector for the correct location to reduce false alarms.
Examples of where each device would be suitable:
fixed temperature heat detector – in a boiler room
rate of rise heat detector – in an industrial kitchen
optical smoke detector – in a ducting system
ionised smoke detector – for general use

12. Typical maintenance checks for fire detection systems
Daily inspection
Weekly test
Quarterly test
Annual test
Every two to three years
Every five years
Speaker notes
BS 5939 Part 1 makes recommendations for the frequency at which each element of a fire detection system should be checked.
Daily inspection: check that the control panel indicates normal operation. Report any faulty indicators or sounders not operating to the designated responsible person.
Weekly test: check panel key operation and reset button. Test fire alarm from a call point (a different one each week) and check sounders. Reset fire alarm panel. Check all call points and detectors for obstruction. Enter details of test in logbook.
Quarterly test: check all logbook entries and make sure any remedial actions have been carried out. Examine battery and battery connections. Operate a call point and a detector in each zone. Check that all sounders are operating. Check that all functions of the control panel are operating by simulating a fault. Check sounders operate on battery only. Enter details of test in logbook.
Annual test: repeat the quarterly test. Check all call points and detectors for correct operation. Enter all details of test in logbook.
Every two to three years: clean smoke detectors using specialist equipment. Enter details of maintenance in logbook.
Every five years: replace battery (see manufacturer's information).

13. Passive infrared detectors Ultrasonic detectors
Intruder alarms
Control panel
Proximity switches
Inertia switches
Passive infrared detectors
Ultrasonic detectors
Audible and visual warning devices
Pressure switches
Magnetic switches
Speaker notes
Wired intruder alarm systems would normally be wired using a closed loop system so that tampering with the alarm system could be detected. There are several component parts of an intruder alarm system. What does each of the following do?
Control panel – controls and monitors the system, allows switching on and off system
Proximity switches – uses capacitive, inductive, infrared or acoustic changes to sense the changing distance of an object.
Inertia switches, e.g. door contacts
Passive infrared detectors, e.g. to detect vibration
Ultrasonic detectors, e.g. to detect movement in rooms or corridors
Audible and visual warning devices, e.g. an alarm to alert people to an intruder, located inside and outside the building
Pressure switches, e.g. a mat in a doorway
Magnetic switches, e.g. door contacts

14. Ensure surrounding lighting has good colour rendering
CCTV
Wired or wireless
Infrared lighting
Ensure surrounding lighting has good colour rendering
Speaker notes
Closed circuit television (CCTV) systems are commonly used today. They can range from simple systems used in residential properties to multi-camera systems used in large buildings or towns and city centres. CCTV systems may be wired or wireless and can even connect via networks or over the Internet.
Many cameras incorporate infrared lighting allowing cameras to be used in low light or darkness.
When installing CCTV for security purposes, it is important to ensure that the surrounding lighting has good colour rendering. Where low-pressure sodium lighting exists, all objects appear the same colour.